Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis among Indonesian women.

Aim To identify risk factors for bacterial vaginosis (BV) among Indonesian women. Methods This is a cross sectional study involving 492 women with age ranged 15-50 years. Vaginal discharge was collected. Whiff test and Nugent scoring were utilized to identify BV. Settings are Puskesmas Karawang, Pedes, Cikampek,Tempuran, Batalyon 201 Clinic Cijantung, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Results Age of the subjects were 15-25 years old (26,8%), 26 – 40 years old (59,1%), and > 40 years old (14%). The mean age was 30.9 years. Marital status of the subjects were not-married (16,9%), married (76,4%), married more than once (6,7%). Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in this study was 30.7% according to Nugent’s score. Age >40 years old (OR=3,15 IK 95% = 1,15-1,48) and uncircumcised couple (OR=6,25, IK 95% = 2,54 - 15,38) were independently and signifi cantly associated with incidence of BV (p<0.05) Conclusions Prevalence of BV in this study was 30.7%. Determinant risk factors of BV were age and uncircumcised sexual partner.

Microbiology aspect of wound infection: in-vitro test for efficacy of hydrophobic dressing in microorganism binding.

Aim To do in vitro test to assess the effi cacy of hydrophobic dressing Cutimed® Sorbact® to bind multiresistant bacteria that caused wound infection, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Method This was a cross sectional study that was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, on January 2009. In-vitro testing of sterile hydrophobic dressing to bind microorganisms was conducted by counting MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were bound to 1 square centimetre of single layer sterile hydrophobic dressing (Cutimed® Sorbact®). Every test was done in triplicate at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. To compare the hydrophobic dressing capability to bind microorganisms, in vitro testing of sterile conventional dressing to bind microorganisms on 0.5 minutes and 2 hours was done. Result The binding capacity of sterile hydrophobic dressing began at 0.5 minutes and teached a maximum at 2 hours. Compared with conventional dressing, sterile hydrophobic dressing had more binding capability to MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion Hydrophobic dressing (Cutimed® Sorbact®) had a higher capability to bind MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to conventional dressing.

Patterns of bacterial resistance against Ceftriaxone from 2002 to 2005 in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia.

The spread of drug resistant microbes is a global public health challenge which impairs the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and causes substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates, including healthcare-associated costs. Monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance from documented microbial epidemiology & resistance rate is useful in preventing the emergence of resistance. This study reports on the pattern of bacterial resistance against ceftriaxone in the past 4 years. The data were obtained from specimens examined in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia from 2002 to 2005. Microbial species were determined from culture and identification tests. Disc diffusion method was used for sensitivity testing of ceftriaxone to 14 Gram-negative and 7 Gram-positive bacteria. Although resistance rates were increased from 2002 to 2005, resistance rates of ceftriaxone were found to be less than 50%. Low resistance rates (< 3%) were observed for Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These results could be useful in developing guidelines on the use of ceftriaxone in Indonesia.

Implementation of 25-well culture plates for M. tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing in Indonesia.

At present, there is no standardized method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing (DST) among laboratories in Indonesia. Since January 2001 to January 2004 we have tried to establish the method of 25-well culture plates with middlebrook’s media (Drug Susceptibility Culture Plate (DSCP) method) used by the Dutch Supranational Reference Laboratory at the Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands. Our experience showed that this method potentially gives better result as it can be very well standardized, faster and provides detailed MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) values. Data from 364 isolates that have been tested by DSCP method showed that resistance to INH, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin were 21.4%, 19.8%, 15.7%, and 16.5% respectively. Multidrug resistance were found in 13.2% isolates.