ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Medir la cobertura efectiva para once intervenciones de salud en nueve países de América Latina utilizando las encuestas de demografía y salud o registros administrativos que abarcan la salud infantil, de la mujer y el adulto. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron las intervenciones y se armonizaron definiciones y métodos de cálculo de acuerdo con la información disponible para lograr la comparabilidad entre países. RESULTADOS: Chile es el país con mejores indicadores de coberturas crudas y efectivas, seguido por México y Colombia, y existen brechas importantes entre regiones, departamentos o estados. CONCLUSIONES: La métrica de cobertura efectiva es un indicador sensible que relaciona la necesidad de las intervenciones en salud, su utilización y calidad, lo que permite valorar los programas de salud al aportar datos precisos de dónde y a quién deben dirigirse los recursos y esfuerzos nacionales para que los países alcancen los propósitos y metas planteados.
OBJECTIVE: To measure effective coverage for ll health interventions in Latin America including the children's, women's and adult health, as part of program evaluation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Interventions were selected; the definitions and calculation methods were harmonized according to the information available to ensure comparability between countries. RESULTS: Chile has better indicators of crude and effective coverage followed by Mexico and Colombia.There are significant gaps between regions, counties or states. CONCLUSIONS: The health metric on effective coverage is a sensitive indicator that links three important aspects: Coverage of health interventions, use of health services, and access to such services. Effective coverage is a good tool to evaluate health programs performance, and also provides data of where and to whom the system should address national efforts and resources to achieve the purposes and goals set.
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Health Promotion , Health Status Indicators , Quality of Health Care , Task Performance and Analysis , Caribbean Region , Child Welfare , Health Promotion/methods , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Promotion/statistics & numerical data , Health Promotion/trends , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Health Services , Latin America , Program Evaluation , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Women's HealthABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Given that excessive body weight during childhood influences the development of several chronic diseases in adulthood, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban and rural Costa Rican elementary school children. METHODS: The study was carried out from July 2000 to April 2001. A total of 1718 students ages 7-12 were selected from 34 schools in the capital city of San José and in other nearby urban and rural areas. Both younger children (ones aged 7 through 9 years) and older children (ones aged 10 through 12 years) with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the sex-specific 85th percentile were considered overweight. The younger children were classified as being obese if their triceps skinfold was greater than or equal to the 85th percentile for age and sex using the percentiles by age for children in the United States of America as normative standards. The older children were considered obese if they had a BMI at or above the sex-specific 85th percentile and both the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness at or above the 90th percentile. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 34.5 percent. Children aged 7-9, boys, children from urban areas, and children of a higher socioeconomic status had a higher prevalence of overweight. The prevalence of obesity was 26.2 percent. A higher prevalence of obesity was found among children aged 7-9, boys, children from urban areas, and children of middle socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of obesity that we found in the Costa Rican children, primary and secondary prevention measures are needed in order to reduce the proportion of deaths due to chronic nontransmissible diseases among Costa Rican adults in the coming decades
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/epidemiology , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Multivariate Analysis , Rural Population , Sex Factors , Skinfold Thickness , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
La hipertrigliceridemia es un trastorno frecuente del metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. En los pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia se deben identificar y corregir las causas secundarias como la obesidad, la diabetes mellitus descompensada, o la excesiva ingestión etílica. Cuando la hipertrigliceridemia es de origen primario y no se alcanzan concentraciones deseables de triglicéridos, a pesar de haber modificado los factores secundarios, se recomienda la terapia farmacológica, en particular en aquellos casos en los que coexistan otras condiciones de riesgo coronario. En este informe, se presenta el efecto del acipimox (derivado del ácido nicotínico), sobre el perfil de los lípidos y lipoproteínas en pacientes con hipertrigliceridemias primarias, en quienes la dieta y la pérdida de peso no logró reducir las concentraciones anormales de lípidos. De 40 sujetos que iniciaron el estudio 29 lo finalizaron (21 hombres con edad de 44,9 +- 2,0 a¿os; peso de 74,7 +- 2,3 kilos, presión arterial de 125,0/81,0 mmHg y 8 mujeres, con edad de 49, +- 3,0 a¿os, peso de 65,0 +- 3,0 kilos, presión arterial de 130,0/86,0 mmHg). Al final del período de dieta, en los hombres, la concentración del colesterol, triglicéridos y colesterol HDL fue de 206,9 +- 8,1;386,6 +- 28,1 +- 0,98 mg/dl, respectivamente. Dieciséis hombres presentaban un fenotipo IV y 5 fenotipo llb. En las mujeres, la concentración del colesterol, triglicéridos y col HDL fue de 244,6 +- 13,9;249,4 +- 37,9; y 42,9 +- 5,0 mg/dl, respectivamente. Había 3 mujeres con fenotipo lla, 2 con fenotipo llb y 3 con el tipo IV. En los pacientes con fenotipo llb, la dismunución en la concentración del colesterol total fue en promedio de 23 mg/dl, y los triglicéridos bajaron 30% en ambos sexos. En los casos de hiperlipidemia tipo IV, la respuesta fundamentalmente se observó en una reducción de los triglicéridos, alcanzando cambios de 19 y 26% al mes y dos meses de tratamiento, respectivamente. Los resultado de este estudio mostraron el acipimox disminuye significativamente la concentración del colesterol ligado a las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad y de los triglicéridos plasmáticos, sin modificar significativamente la del colesterol HDL.