ABSTRACT
Objective: There is a strong positive association between increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] and coronary heart disease [CHD]
The accuracy of LDL-C estimation is essential and critically important. The aim of present study was to compare calculated LDL-C with direct homogeneous assay in patients with type 2 diabetes
Methods: This observational study was carried out at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology [BIDE] from January 2011 to December 2013. A total of 9620 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in the study
Fasting blood glucose, total Cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were obtained using standard methods. Calculated LDL-C was obtained by Friedewald formula
Results: Mean difference of measured and calculated LDL-C was found to be -0.25, 6.63 and 46.55 mg/dl at triglyceride levels < 150 mg/dl, 150 - 400 mg/dl and > 400 mg/dl, respectively
The result shows that the difference between measured and calculated LDL-C increases as the triglyceride level increases
Conclusions: The findings of our study suggested that calculated LDL-C was lower, as compared to measured LDL-C, which may cause misclassifications that may have an impact on therapeutic decisions in patients with diabetes. Calculated LDL-C may depend on triglyceride levels so LDL-C should be measured by direct assay in routine clinical laboratories
ABSTRACT
To determine the antibiogram of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] in patients with diabetes. The study was carried out in the Microbiology Department of Clinical and Research Laboratory, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology [BIDE] from January 2012 to December 2012. All samples received in the laboratory were processed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] guidelines. Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] was done and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by disc diffusion method. A total of 585 pathogens were isolated from 542 specimens of patients with diabetes. One hundred twenty one [20.68%] Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 25[4.27%] non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas were detected from 542 samples. Among 108 [18%] samples detecting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] were found in 42 [39%] samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed marked susceptibility to imipenem [100%] followed by piperacillin / tazobactam [90.91%]. All MRSA positive specimens were susceptible to vancomycin, but highly or completely resistant to the other antimicrobial drugs. In the present study imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and sulbactam-cefoperazone were found to be the most effective drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The majority of MRSA were resistant to one or more than one antimicrobial drugs. Vancomycin and imipenem were the most effective drugsagainst Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA
ABSTRACT
Resistance to multiple antimicrobials is the major cause of debility and death due to infectious diseases around the world. Our objective was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of aerobic microbial isolates in a clinical laboratory. All culture specimens of tissue, pus, urine, bone, blood, fluid, stool, sputum, and high vaginal swab received in the Microbiology Department of Clinical and Research Laboratory, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology from May 2010 to January 2011 were included in the present study. Bacterial isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined. Out of 312 cultured specimens, 272 [87.17%] were found infected with 437 microbial organisms [412 bacteria and 25 Candida isolates]. A total of 90 [20.59%] multi-drug resistant [MDR] isolates were found. MDR Escherichia coli was isolated in 40 [34.19%] out of 117 culture specimens which showed the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 17 [22.08%], Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 13 [11.50%], Klebsiella pneumoniae in 7 [22.58%], Proteus species in 6 [31.58%], Acinetobacter species in 3 [33.33%], Enterobacter species in 2 [28.57%], Coliform [Escherichia coli] in 1 [16.67%] and Enterococcus species were isolated in 1 [50%] culture specimen. High prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria was found in the present study. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in infectious disease medicine. Antimicrobial resistance may be due to misuse of antimicrobials by physicians and self medication in Pakistan. Further large scale studies are needed to validate our findings