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Objective@#To assess the associations of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from outdoor and indoor sources with heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of Beijing.@*Methods@#A total of 40 male patients in a stable stage of COPD were recruited from a hospital in a panel study in Beijing with 5 consecutive days of measurement for each subject. General information and disease history of the participants from questionnaires were obtained prior to the study. HR and HRV were repeatedly examined using dynamic electrocardiograph. HRV included standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences between adjacent NN intervals (rMSSD), total power (TP) power in the low-frequency band (LF) and the high-frequency band (HF). Iron was used as tracer element to separate indoor-originated PM2.5 and outdoor-originated PM2.5. Mixed-effect models were applied to assess the associations of outdoor-originated PM2.5 or indoor-originated PM2.5 and health effects.@*Results@#The P50 (P25, P75) values of daily indoor PM2.5, indoor-originated PM2.5 and outdoor-originated PM2.5 were 50.9 (26.8, 122.7), 16.0 (1.9, 43.7) and 27.3 (13.5, 61.8) μg/m3, respectively. The mean±SD of concentrations of real-time indoor PM2.5, indoor-originated PM2.5 and outdoor-originated PM2.5 were (61.5±58.8), (25.3±39.1) and (36.2±42.7) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with outdoor-originated PM2.5, indoor-originated PM2.5 had significant associations with HRV and HR. Each 10 μg/m3 increase at 4 h indoor-originated PM2.5 and outdoor-originated PM2.5 moving average was associated with 3.4% (95%CI: -4.7%, -2.1%) and 0.6% (95%CI: -2.0%, -0.8%) reduction in TP (P<0.001). Each 10 μg/m3 increase at 12 h indoor-originated PM2.5 moving average was associated with 7.6% (95%CI: -10.1%, -5.1%), 4.7% (95%CI: -6.7%, -2.7%), 3.3% (95%CI: -4.2%,-2.4%) and 3.0% (95%CI: -4.5%, -1.5%) reduction in HF, LF, SDNN and rMSSD, respectively. Each 10 μg/m3 increase at 12 h outdoor-originated PM2.5 moving average was associated with 0.7% (95%CI: -2.7%, -1.4%), 0.2% (95%CI: -1.9%, 1.4%), 0.7% (95%CI: -1.4%, -0.1%) and 0.2% (95%CI: -1.3%, 0.9%) reduction in HF, LF, SDNN and rMSSD, respectively (P<0.001). Each 10 μg/m3 increase at 8 h indoor-originated PM2.5 and outdoor-originated PM2.5 moving average was associated with 0.7% (95%CI: 0.4%, 1.0%) and 0.4% (95%CI: 0.2%, 0.6%) increase in HR.@*Conclusion@#Exposure to indoor-originated PM2.5 was more strongly associations with HRV indices and HR compared with outdoor-originated PM2.5 in male COPD patients.
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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effect of domestic high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) purifiers on the concentrations of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its elementary constituents in 20 residences in a district of Beijing during winter.@*METHODS@#From November 2015 to January 2016, 20 residences in a district of Beijing were selected, where indoor and outdoor PM2.5 data were collected simultaneously in three time periods according to the operating of air purifiers (Group 0 h: 24 hours before operating; Group 24 h: 24 hours after operating; Group 48 h: 24 to 48 hours after operating). The content of 21 elements in PM2.5 samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Indoor/outdoor particle concentration ratio (I/O ratios) and ΔI/O ratios were used to describe the pollution levels and the variation range of PM2.5 and its 21 elementary constituents. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurement data was applied to compare the I/O ratios of PM2.5 and its elementary constituents among the different groups, and Bonferroni method was used for comparison in pairs. Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired-samples was used to compare ΔI/O ratios of 21 elementary constituents with that of PM2.5.@*RESULTS@#The median I/O ratios of PM2.5 in the three groups were 1.27 (P25-P75: 0.50-2.68), 0.45 (P25-P75: 0.27-1.03) and 0.36 (P25-P75: 0.28-2.48), respectively. Compared with Group 0 h, the I/O ratios of PM2.5 in Group 24 h (P=0.042) and Group 48 h (P=0.006) decreased significantly. However, there was no significant difference between Group 24 h and Group 48 h. Significant differences were found comparing ΔI/O ratios of aluminium, ferrum and titanium to that of PM2.5, in both Group 24 h and Group 48 h (P<0.05). No significant change was found in the I/O ratios of these three elements among the three groups before and after air purifier operating (P>0.05). Distances from residences to traffic arteries could affect I/O ratios of some elements from traffic-related source (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Domestic HEPA air purifiers could effectively reduce indoor PM2.5 concentration, and the pollution level of PM2.5 tend to be stable after the purifier operating for a time. The purifiers had different effects on different elements, among which most showed statistical significances.
Subject(s)
Air Filters , Air Pollutants , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Beijing , Environmental Monitoring , Housing , Particle Size , Particulate Matter , SeasonsABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the test-retest reliability and validity of Chinese version of World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0(CIDI-3.0)by community-based study.Methods:Among 202 subjects from Dalian city,with the clinician-administered Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV(SCID),102 patents were diagnostic as mood disorder,anxiety disorder,schizophrenia or psychotic disorder and so on.All of the patients and the other 100 subjects without mental disorders as the control group were interviewed blindly by CIDI-3.0 to test the validity of CIDI-3.0.Ten patients among them were interviewed twice independently in a 7-day interval to evaluate the reliability of CIDI-3.0.Results:(1)For the screen section,the sensitivity values of different mental disorders ranged from 60.4% to 93.1%,while the specificity values from 33.6% to 92.7%.The positive predictive values were from 60.1% to 95.1%,and the negative predictive values were from 68.1% to 93.7%.(2)For different mental disorders,the specificity values ranged from 97.1% to 98.9%,while the sensitivity values were from 33.3% to 70.3%.Positive predict values were from 66.7% to 95.7%,and negative predictive values were from 87.7% to 95.4%.(3)The consistency was 0.78 in any mental disorder.(4)For test-retest reliability,kappa values ranged from 0.737 to 1.0.Conclusion:By clinical reappraisal,the Chinese version of CIDI-3.0 has satisfied validity and reliability.The screen section has high sensitivity,while the diagnostic sections have high specificities.That indicates that CIDI-3.0 is acceptable as a validated instrument for community survey on mental disorders.