ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate ketamine-induced cerebral protection in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods Thirty-two pathogen-free healthy male C57BL/6 mice,aged 8 weeks,weighing 26-30 g,were divided into 4 groups using a random number table:control group (group C,n=7),ketanine group (group K,n=7),TBI group (n=9) and TBI plus ketamine group (group TBI+K,n =9).TBI was produced with a pneumatically driven controlled cortical impact device.Ketamine 150 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at l h after operation in TBI+K and K groups,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in TBI and C groups.Open field test was conducted at 24 h,72 h and 7 days after operation.The animals in TBI and TBI+K groups were scanned by T1-weighted MRI at 6,24 and 72 h after operation,the animals in C and K groups were scanned by MRI at 24 h after operation,and the development of cerebral edema was observed.Results MRI scan showed no cerebral edema in C and K groups,and different degrees of cerebral edema were found in TBI and TBI+K groups.Compared with group C,the locomotor distance was significantly shortened at 24 and 72 h after operation in group TBI (P＜0.05).Compared with group TBI,the size of cerebral edema was significantly decreased,and the locomotor distance was prolonged at 24 and 72 h after operation in group TBI+K (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion MRI method further clarifies that ketamine can produce cerebral protection to some extent in mice with TBI.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:The blood loss and the need of blood transfusion after bilateral total knee arthroplasty are very high. Therefore, the use of medicine such as tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty is overheated in recent years. Tranexamic acid has been proved to be able to decrease the blood loss after total knee arthroplasty, while the study of its use in bilateral total knee arthroplasty is seldom. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect and safety of tranexamic acid on perioperative blood loss and the change of hemoglobin in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: We selected 69 patients who received bilateral total knee arthroplasty and divided them into two different groups randomly. The patients in the experimental group were given 1 g of tranexamie acid dissolved in 100 mL of 5% glucose solution through intravenous infusion. Those in control group were only given 5% glucose solution 100 mL. Total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, the hidden blood loss, amount of postoperative drainage, the ratio of blood transfusion, hemoglobin, D-dimer, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were studied and compared between the two groups. We also observed the incidence of thrombotic events between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The blood loss of the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group (t=2.194-2.908,P 0.05). Thrombotic events were not visible in both groups. Venous ultrasonography in the lower extremity did not reveal deep venous thrombosis. Above results suggest that tranexamic acid can significantly reduce intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty, decreases the requirement of blood transfusion and the dynamic change of hemoglobin, and does not increase the risk of thrombosis.