ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Blood and biochemical profiles of animals can be used to evaluate the physiological state of an individual and relate it to that individual's health. In many countries, water buffaloes are currently evaluated using blood parameters from other bovine species. To accurately interpret the biochemical results from individual animals, species-specific reference ranges should be established. One hundred and twenty-eight water buffaloes, without clinical signs of disease and of different ages, were analyzed, and reference intervals were calculated (95% CI; p < 0.05). The data were analyzed according to three age groups (calves, young animals, and adults) and the infection status (infected or uninfected with Trypanosoma spp.). All the biochemical values of total serum proteins, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma globulin, urea nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus were included; these are parameters that are generally affected by parasites or by infection with hemotropic agents. Natural infection with Trypanosoma spp. gave rise to differences (p < 0.05) in terms of increased calcium and decreased total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Thus, it can be inferred that the infection follows a chronic course in the affected animals, in this case, young animals or young animals.
RESUMO Introdução: Os perfis sanguíneos e bioquímicos de animais podem ser usados para avaliar o estado fisiológico de um indivíduo e relacioná-lo com a saúde desse indivíduo. Em muitos países, os búfalos são atualmente avaliados usando parâmetros sanguíneos de outras espécies bovinas. Para interpretar com precisão os resultados bioquímicos de animais individuais, os intervalos de referência específicos da espécie devem ser estabelecidos. Método: Foram analisados 128 búfalos, sem sinais clínicos da doença e de diferentes idades, e calculados os intervalos de referência (IC 95%; p < 0,05). Os dados foram analisados de acordo com três faixas etárias (bezerros, novilhos e adultos) e o estado de infecção (infectado ou não por Trypanosoma spp.). Todos os valores bioquímicos de proteínas séricas totais, aspartato aminotransferase, gamaglobulina, nitrogênio ureico, cálcio e fósforo foram incluídos; estes são parâmetros que geralmente são afetados por parasitas ou por infecção com agentes hemotrópicos. Resultados: A infecção natural por Trypanosoma spp. originaram diferenças (p < 0,05) em termos de aumento de cálcio e diminuição de proteína total, fosfatase alcalina e aspartato aminotransferase. Com isso, pode-se inferir que a infecção segue um curso crônico nos animais acometidos, neste caso, animais jovens ou novilhos.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Las úlceras gástricas se definen como la pérdida de continuidad de la mucosa gástrica. Se originan principalmente por desequilibrio entre factores injuriantes y de protección del estómago. Generalmente se manifiestan con signos como pérdida de peso, cólico, bruxismo e inapetencia, conllevando al bajo rendimiento del animal y pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo para la presentación de SUGE en CCC del Valle de Aburra. Se realizó gastroscopia a 100 animales de diferentes pesebreras, entre dos y 25 años de edad; cada estómago se caracterizó macro y microscópicamente. Las lesiones macroscópicas se valoraron de acuerdo con el grado de lesión según el Equine Gastric Ulcer Council, y la clasificación microscopica se basó en una adaptación hecha por patrones de descripción de lesiones más utilizados como: The sidney system y Equine gastritis grading system (EGGS). Para el análisis de los resultados, se tuvieron en cuenta variables como la intensidad del ejercicio, alojamiento, tipo y frecuencia de alimentación, transporte y frecuencia del mismo. El 65% de los equinos evaluados presentaron lesiones compatibles con SUGE. Macroscópicamente el grado 2 de severidad fue el más común (38%), con mayor presentación en la región aglandular. Microscópicamente el edema en la región fundica y pilórica fue la lesión más frecuente (35,2% y 30,7%, respectivamente). Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la presentación de las lesiones fueron el transporte de los animales y la intensidad del ejercicio.
ABSTRACT Gastric ulcers are defined as the loss of continuity of the gastric mucosal. They are mainly caused by an imbalance between harmful and protective factors of the stomach. It generally manifests itself with signs such as weight loss, colic, bruxism and inappetence, which can lead to low performance and economic losses. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the presentation of SUGE in CCC of the Valle del Aburra. Gastroscopy was made to 100 animals from different stables, between two and 25 years of age; each stomach characterized, macro and microscopically. Lesions are evaluate depending on the degree of injury to the "Equine Gastric Ulcer Council". Microscopic lesions classification was based on an adaptation by patterns most commonly used description of injuries such as: the Sidney System and the equine gastritis grading system (EGGS). For the analysis of the results, variables such as exercise intensity, accommodation, type and frequency of feeding, transportation and its frequency were taken into account. 65% of the equines evaluated presented SUGE-compatible lesions, of which the most common degree of severity macroscopically was grade 2 (38%), with grater presentation in the non-glandular region. Microscopically, edema in the fundic and pyloric region was the most frequent (35.2% and 30.7%, respectively). The main risk factors associated with the presentation of the lesions were the transport of the animals and the intensity of the exercise.
Subject(s)
Stomach Ulcer , Wounds and Injuries , Weight Loss , Colic/veterinary , Risk Factors , Gastroscopy , Gastric Mucosa , Stomach , Transportation , Bruxism/veterinary , Exercise , Anorexia/veterinary , Sheltering , Diet , EdemaABSTRACT
Resumen Se desarrolló un sistema vestible para la detección simultánea y no invasiva de dos señales provenientes de la actividad cardiaca: el ECG y el flujo sanguíneo. Se utilizaron dos electrodos secos para detectar la derivación I del ECG. La detección del flujo sanguíneo se realizó de forma no invasiva mediante un sensor magnetorresistivo tipo Túnel (TMR) basándose en la firma magnética de la sangre sobre un campo magnético constante proveniente de un imán permanente. Los electrodos, el sensor TMR y el imán se montaron en un brazalete tipo pulsera para la comodidad del usuario. La instrumentación desarrollada para detectar el ECG y el flujo sanguíneo se diseñó en base a una configuración diferencial con una relación de rechazo en modo común superior a 87 dB a 60 Hz y con una tensión de ruido de tal forma que las señales cardiacas presentaron una relación señal a ruido superior a 41 dB, siempre y cuando el sujeto no se mueva durante la medida. La calidad de las señales fue suficiente como para extraer información de dichas señales mediante algoritmos sencillos de implementar. El sistema propuesto es una alternativa a los sistemas vestibles presentados hasta ahora, del cual es posible valorar la salud cardiovascular del sujeto en ambientes no hospitalarios.
Abstract A wearable system was developed for the simultaneous and non-invasive detection of two signals from cardiac activity: the ECG and blood flow. Two dry electrodes were used to detect the lead I of the ECG. The detection of blood flow was performed non-invasively using a tunnel-magnetoresistance (TMR) sensor based on the magnetic signature of the blood over a constant magnetic field from a permanent magnet. The electrodes, the TMR sensor and the magnet were mounted on a wristband-type bracelet for the user comfort. The instrumentation developed to detect the ECG and blood flow was designed based on a differential configuration with a common-mode rejection ratio higher than 87 dB at 60 Hz and with a noise voltage in such a way that the cardiac signals presented a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 41 dB, as long as the subject stays still during the measurement. The quality of the signals was enough to extract information from these signals by means of simple to implement algorithms. The proposed system is an alternative to the wearable systems presented so far, from which it is possible to assess the cardiovascular health of the subject in non-hospital environments.
ABSTRACT
En el acto quirúrgico la anestesia es un proceso que siempre conlleva riesgos. Un procedimiento común en equinos es realizar cirugías en estación para disminuir el riesgo de la anestesia general. Para los procedimientos anestésicos en estación en equinos se han utilizado las combinaciones de bolos de xilazina y anestesia local; sin embargo, la analgesia irregular y la marcada ataxia son complicaciones frecuentes. En el presente caso clínico se evaluó un protocolo de bolos de xilazina 0,6 mg/kg I.V. y morfina en infusión I.V. continua a 30 µg/kg/hora, con aplicación de anestesia local para la extraccción de un tumor de células de la granulosa en una yegua. Durante el procedimiento quirúrgico se observó una buena analgesia, sedación moderada y ataxia leve, sin alteraciones cardiovasculares o respiratorias, lo que favoreció el procedimiento quirúrgico; solamente se observó un corto periodo de amotilidad intestinal el cual fue superado espontáneamente. La yegua se recuperó totalmente del procedimiento quirúrgico y presentó evidencia de estro en dos ocasiones dentro del año siguiente a la intervención. Los procedimeintos anestésico y quirúrgico empleados en esta yegua fueron apropiados y la llevaron a su normalidad reproductiva.
Anesthesia is always a procedure that leads many risks in the quirurgical act. A common procedure in horses is to make standing surgeries to decrease the general anesthesia risks. For standing anesthetic procedures in horses there have been used combinations of xilazine bolus and local anesthesia; however, irregular analgesia and marked ataxia are frequent complications. In this clinical case it was evaluate a protocol of xilazine bolus 0,6 mg/kg I.V. and a constant rate infusion of morphine 30 µg/kg/h I.V., with local anesthesia for the extraction of a granulosa cell tumor in one mare. In general, during the surgical procedure it was observed good analgesia, moderate sedation and slight ataxia, without cardiovascular or respiratory problems which favored the surgical procedure; it was observed only a short period without intestinal motility that returned to normality spontaneously. The mare recovered fully from the surgical procedure and presented evidence of estrus twice within one year after the intervention. The anesthetic and surgical procedures used in this case were appropriate and lead recovery of the normal reproductive behavior of this mare.