Gingival retraction methods for fabrication of fixed partial denture: literature review

Fixed dental prosthesis success requires appropriate impression taking of the prepared finish line. This is critical in either tooth supported fixed prosthesis [crown and bridge] or implant supported fixed prosthesis [solid abutment]. If the prepared finish line is adjacent to the gingival sulcus, gingival retraction techniques should be used to decrease the marginal discrepancy among the restoration and the prepared abutment. Accurate marginal positioning of the restoration in the prepared finish line of the abutment is required for therapeutic, preventive and aesthetic purposes. In this article, conventional and modern methods of gingival retraction in the fixed tooth supported prosthesis and fixed implant supported prosthesis are expressed. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched manually for studies on gingival tissue managements prior to impression making in fixed dental prosthesis since 1975. Conclusions were extracted and summarized. Keywords were impression making, gingival retraction, cordless retraction, and implant. Gingival retraction techniques can be classified as mechanical, chemical or surgical. In this article, different gingival management techniques are discussed

[Accuracy of emergency severity index of triage in Imam Hossein hospital - Tehran, Iran [2011]]

Triage is the most important and the first stage of patient's management at the time of arrival to hospital emergency department. Emergency severity index [ESI] is a common triage system worldwide. This study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy of ESI in emergency department of Imam Hossein hospital in Tehran, Iran. In this descriptive study the result of patients' triage based on ESI were gathered for all patients referred to emergency department of Imam Hossein Hospital from January to April 2011. A questioner was filled for each patient by the nurse and a emergency specialist independently. The lamda index was applied to compare the nurse observation with the specialist clinician. The STATA-11.0 statistical software and roctab table were used to determine the validity, specificity and sensivity of triage. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square and Fisher tests. The calculated lamda for the degree of agreement of triage between nurse and clinician was 81% [95% CI: 0.79-0.83]. The sensivity of triage for step I, II, III, IV and V were 100%, 53.2%, 90.7%, 67.1% and 98% respectively. The specificity of triage for step I, II, III, IV and V were 99.8%, 97.5%, 93.7%, 98.3% and 94% respectively. There was a significant overlapping between the triage step and the patient clinical outcome. This study showed that five steps triage contain a high accuracy and estimation of patient outcomes

Comparison of intertrochanteric fracture fixation with dynamic hip screw and bipolar hemiarthroplasty techniques

At present, there is no consensus on an appropriate treatment modality for intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly with background diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare treatment outcomes of intertrochanteric fractures reduced with dynamic hip screws [DHS] and bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with background medical conditions. In this randomized clinical trial, 60 patients with intertrochanteric fractures, who were 45-60 years old, were randomly divided into DHS and bipolar groups. After treatment, the two groups were compared in relation to complications and mortality rates, functional status using the Harris Hip Score [HHS], range of movement and severity of pain using the visual analogue score [VAS]. HHS [86 +/- 9 vs. 75 +/- 7.6], range of flexion [105 +/- 11 degrees vs. 90 +/- 17 degrees] and external rotation [35 +/- 7 degrees vs. 20 +/- 7 degrees] were significantly higher in the bipolar group compared to the DHS group [P<0.05], However, there were no significant differences in pain severity between the two groups. Reduction of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients with background medical conditions is more effective and less problematic with the bipolar technique compared to DHS and is better tolerated by patients, because this technique is associated with improvements in functional status and hip joint movement range

[Emergency caesarean section in patient with thyroid storm and severe preeclampsia: a case report]

Hyperthyroidism can occur with pregnancy. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. The mortality rate for thyroid storm remains surprisingly high at approximately 20%. A 21-year-old primigravida woman presented at 25 weeks, with severe pre-eclampsia and uncontrolled hyperthyroidism was scheduled for emergency cesarean section. Treatment includes rapid alleviation of thyrotoxicosis and general supportive care. Thyroid function tests may not help in differentiating thyroid storm from symptomatic hyperthyroidism. The major risk of anesthesia in the poorly controlled thyrotoxic patient is thyroid storm, which must be aggressively treated with beta-blockers, iodide, and antithyroid drugs

[Effect of methylene dioxy metha amphetamine administration during pregnancy on reproductive system of BALB/c mice]

The pregnancy period is very sensitive and complicative stages of life. It has been shown that addictive drugs such as ecstasy [MDMA: Methylene Dioxy Metha Amphetamine] can interfere in this stage. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Methylene Dioxy Metha Amphetamine administration during pregnancy on reproductive system of BALB/c mice. In this experimental study, 10 and 5 female BALB/c mice were randomly selected as cases and controls, respectively. The pregnancy was induced following ovarian hyperstimulation with PMSG and hCG followed by mating with male animals. MDMA [5 mg/kg] and saline was injected intraperitoneally in day 7 and 14 of pregnancy in experimental and controls, respectively. The ovarian structure, as well as uterine tube, uterine horns and body, and vagina were studied histologically using light microscopy 27 days post delivery date. Data analyzed by using SPSS-17 and Chi-Square and Fisher exact test. The rate of primary follicles was decreased from 18.42% in experimental to 33.33% in controls [P<0.05]. The rate of mature follicles was significantly increased in experimental mice as compared to controls [P<0.05]. The number of atretic bodies was lower in experimental than controls. The cellular alterations were observed in some portions of uterine tubes and uterine horns after ecstasy administration. However, no alterations observed in other parts of reproductive system. This study showed that MDMA cause some structural alterations in the uterine tubes and uterine horns, increase follicular maturation and reduction of follicular atresia in BALB/c mice

Halothane: How should it be used in a developing country?

The anaesthetic agent halothane is still widely used in developing countries including the Islamic Republic of Iran because of its low price. Because of halothane-induced hepatitis, a rare complication, it has been replaced by other inhalation anaesthetics in Western countries; it has been suggested by some Iranian professionals that the Islamic Republic of Iran should do the same. We evaluated various dimensions of this replacement through a literature review to assess the incidence of halothane-induced hepatitis and costs of anaesthetics in the country. We also conducted a questionnaire survey of 30 anaesthesiology/gastroenterology experts about their views on the subject. The results indicate that the incidence of halothane hepatitis in the Islamic Republic of Iran is very low and could mostly be avoided by strict adherence to guidelines. Complete withdrawal of halothane in the Islamic Republic of Iran might not be appropriate at present. Comprehensive cost-effectiveness studies are needed before a decision is made on complete replacement of halothane with other anaesthetics

[Urban-rural difference in weights and heights of children and its trend during two national health surveys [1991 and 1999]]

Growth studies show that height and weight of boys and girls are greater in urban compared with rural. However, the study of urban-rural differences in growth over time has been always of interest. In this study, in addition to the evaluation of urban-rural growth difference of Iranian children, its trend over a decade [1991- 1999] has been studied. Data from two Iranian National Health Surveys 1990-1 and 1999 were used to evaluation of urban-rural growth difference in children 2-18 year olds and its comparison in two surveys. In all ages, height and weight of boys and girls are significantly greater in urban compared with rural. Urban-rural differences in height and weight in 1999 compared to the 1990-1 differed significantly in either sex. The increase in median differences of weights and heights of girls and boys over this period were 0.151 and 0.191 kg and 0.1 cm respectively [p<0.0001]. Although, the corresponding relative difference increase ranged 0.2% to 1%. Although, urban children have better growth status than rural but the differences in height and weight over the period of study, are not clinically appreciable