ABSTRACT
Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Incidence in males - 4.3 /1, 00,000, in females - 3.4/1,00,000. The etiology of colorectal cancer is complex, involving interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Colorectal cancers have been reported to show BCL-2 over expression although, in comparison with adenomas, there is lower intensity of expression in the invasive tumors. There may also be a loss of expression with loss of tumor differentiation and it would appear that the role of BCL-2 is probably more important in the early development of colorectal tumors than in later tumor progression. Aim and objectives: To perform and interpret BCL-2 immunostaining on all diagnosed colorectal carcinomas, to infer the rate of positivity and negativity of the BCL-2 expression in the colorectal lesions, to correlate the BCL-2 expression with the grades of the colorectal carcinomas, to indicate the prognostic value of BCL-2 expression in colorectal carcinomas. Materials and methods: A present study was done in MGM Hospital, Warangal for duration of 5 years. A total of 64 cases were studied. All colorectal carcinoma cases are subjected to BCL-2 immunostaining. Results: In present study, the commonest age group were from 60-69 years with majority of the lesions diagnosed as adenocarcinomas. Males contributed to large number of cases (33) and rectum is the most common site in the present study. Majority of cases (40.6%) in this study were well differentiated carcinomas. BCL-2 overexpression was seen in 42(65.6%) cases, majority were colorectal adenocarcinomas. 96.2% of well differentiated, 75% of moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas and 10% of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas showed overexpression of BCL- Mohd. Anwar Miya, G. Vandana, S. Swarnalatha, S. Sandhya. A study of expression of BCL-2 in colorectal carcinoma with histopathological correlation. IAIM, 2018; 5(10): 21-36. Page 22 2 and 12.5% of mucinous carcinomas showed BCL-2 positivity. There was a significant correlation between grade and BCL-2 expression. Higher scores were seen in well to moderately differentiated carcinoma than poorly differentiated carcinoma. In well differentiated carcinoma, 19 cases showed score 3 and in moderately differentiated carcinoma, 5 cases showed score 3 which contained strong BCL-2 expression. In poorly differentiated carcinoma, majority (9 cases) were score 0 and in mucinous carcinoma as well, 69 majority (7 cases) were score 0 which contains negative BCL-2 expression. In rectal cancers BCL-2 overexpression was more common that colon cancers. Rectum shows 47% positivity and left colon 36%. Thus in present study rectal cancers showed high BCL-2 expression. Males (23 cases) showed higher BCL-2 expression than females (20 cases). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation (P<0.00001) between BCL-2 over expression and grade of colorectal adenocarcinoma, but there is no significant correlation is observed with variables like age, gender, tumor location. BCL-2 over expression serves as good prognostic marker in colorectal adenocarcinomas and it will help to assess the responsiveness of patients to standard treatment.
ABSTRACT
Aim and objectives: To show the incidence of triple negative breast carcinomas in the younger age group (20-40 years) in the study sample and to establish a correlation between expression patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 /neu with tumour histopathology of breast carcinoma. Material and methods: A 5 years study, 2 years restopective and 3 years prospective was conducted in Mahatama Gandhi Memorial hospital, Warangal, from 2009 to 2014 on triple negative breast carcinomas. All the mastectomy specimens, received in the pathology Department during this period were considered. Results: Total of 28 cases of carcinoma breast in females diagnosed histopathologically, were included in the study. In the present study, the patients were in the age group of 20-40 years Since most carcinomaS in this age group are triple negative. most of the tumours werte of size > 5 cm, 12 cases (43%), followed by 10 cases (36%) of size 2-5 cm. Total 20 (71.4%) were IDC (NOS), followed by 4 (14.2%) were Medullary carcinomas and 2 (7.1%) cases of ILC and each 1 (3.6%) case of tubular and Mucinous carcinomas. Histopathological grading was done according to Modified Bloom Richardson grading and found that 11 (39.3%) were of grade II followed by 5 (17.9%) cases were grede lll,4 cases were of grade I and 8 cases were inassessible. ER and PR were positive in 61% and 47% of tumors respectively. HER-2 over expression was seen in 36% of tumors and was negative in 64% of tumours. Triple negative carcinomas were 4 out of 28 cases, of which 3 were IDC (NOS) and 1 was medullary carcinoma. Triple negative carcinomas are associated with poor prognosis. Conclusion: ER, PR and HER-2 status correlates well with histopathological grading and other clinico-pathological parameters. Higher grade is associated with HER-2 positivity and ER/PR negativity,larger tumor size, lympho-vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and higher clinical stage.
ABSTRACT
Aim and objectives: To compare the conventional and the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC), to correlate the cases with histology wherever available and to determine the sensitivity, specificity and false positive rates of both the methods. Material and methods: A Total of 240 patients who presented with thyroid gland swelling were subjected to thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and the smears were made followed by H&E staining and reporting was done The convential system used at our centre includes description of microscopic findings of the case along with an impression at the end. The categorization according to the Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytology were done using criteria published in the atlas and related literature. The cytological diagnosis was correlated with the histological diagnosis wherever it was available. The sensitivity, specificity, false positive rates were calculated considering cytology as screening test for differentiating between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Results: When the results of the conventional system were compared with the Bethesda adapted method was found to be more superior. Sensitivity of Bethesda system was significantly high (100%) as compared to conventional system (77%). Specificity of Bethesda system was also significantly high (82.5%) as compared to conventional system (69%). Conclusion: Our findings were consistent with others who used the Bethesda cytopathology reporting system.
ABSTRACT
Limbal squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon worldwide. Its early stages of presentation may look like the commoner limbal mass, pterygium or actinic keratosis. We report a case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of limbusin a 45-year female patient. A high index of suspicion is required to prevent delay in the diagnosis of an invasive condition that can destroy the eye completely[1]. A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is presented here. This highlights the significance of aggressive management of such cases surgically and the use of adjuants per operatively to prevent recurrence.
ABSTRACT
Sophora is a genus of the Fabaceae family, contains about 52 species, nineteen varieties, and seven forms that are widely distributed in Asia, Oceanica, and the Pacific islands, in the family Fabaceae of herbaceous (Sophora flavescens Aiton) to trees (Sophora japonica L.). More than fifteen species in this genus have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicines. In the last decades the use of this genus in traditional Chinese drugs has led to rapid increase in the information available on active components and reported to posses various pharmacological/therapeutic properties. The paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, the biological activities and the correlated chemical compounds of genus Sophora, Fabaceae. More than 300 compounds has been isolated, among them major are quinolizidine alkaloids particularly matrine and oxymatrine and flavonoids particularly prenylated and isoprenylated flavonoids. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical studies demonstrated that these chemical constituens possess wide reaching pharmacological actions like anti oxidant, anticancer, anti-asthamatic, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidote, anti pyretic, cardiotonic, antinflammatory, diuretic and in the treatment of skin diseases like eczema, colitis and psoriasis.