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RESUMEN Fundamento: en las universidades de ciencias médicas constituye una necesidad abordar el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades comunicativas y lingüísticas del futuro médico general, por ser herramientas esenciales para su profesión. Objetivo: exponer las experiencias adquiridas con la aplicación de una estrategia para el perfeccionamiento de las competencias y habilidades comunicativas y lingüísticas del médico general en formación. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara durante 2018. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: revisión de planes de estudio, exámenes finales y prueba diagnóstica para constatar si promovían la escritura y redacción de textos y la correcta aplicación de la Instrucción 1/09, además, la técnica grupo nominal y la valoración por especialistas. Resultados: se constataron las dificultades para el desarrollo de las competencias y habilidades mencionadas en los estudiantes; en los docentes, carencias de conocimientos, de metodologías adecuadas para la correcta aplicación de la Instrucción 1/09 y la inexistencia de formas de superación; se elaboró una estrategia que contiene varios materiales de apoyo bibliográfico, cursos de pregrado y posgrado, talleres metodológicos y otras acciones. Fue valorada por criterios de especialistas. Conclusiones: su aplicación generó varias experiencias positivas, entre las que destacan su pertinencia para aplicar de manera uniforme la Instrucción 1/09 en todos los descuentos relacionados con la ortografía, redacción y expresión oral, y su utilidad para resolver las carencias lingüísticas y metodológicas, como basamento científico necesario para el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades comunicativas.
ABSTRACT Background: it is necessary to address the development of communication and linguistic competencies and skills of the future general practitioner in the universities of medical sciences, as they are essential tools for their profession. Objective: to present the experiences acquired with the application of a strategy for the improvement of communicative and linguistic competences and skills of the general practitioner in training. Methods: a development investigation was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences during 2018. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical; and empirical ones: revision of study plans, final exams and diagnostic test to verify if they promote the writing of texts and the correct application of Instruction 1/09, in addition, the nominal group technique and the assessment by specialists. Results: the difficulties for the development of the skills and abilities mentioned in the students were verified; in the teachers, lack of knowledge, of adequate methodologies for the correct application of Instruction 1/09 and the lack of upgrading ways; a strategy was developed that contains various bibliographic supporting materials, undergraduate and graduate courses, methodological workshops, and other actions. It was assessed by specialist criteria. Conclusions: its implementation generated several positive experiences, among them its relevance to uniformly apply Instruction 1/09 in all discounts related to spelling, writing and speaking, and its usefulness to solve linguistic and methodological deficiencies, as a necessary scientific foundation for the development of communication skills and abilities.
Subject(s)
Students , Competency-Based Education , Education, Medical , Faculty , LanguageABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La población mundial está creciendo y envejeciendo. Debido al cambio demográfico en la población, gran parte de los profesionales de ciencias de la salud trabajarán con personas mayores, aunque la mayoría de los estudiantes de estas áreas tienen poco conocimiento e interés para ocuparse de esta población. Objetivo. Analizar las actitudes hacia las personas mayores en los estudiantes del programa de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada en España. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo. Se utilizó la escala de actitudes hacia el adulto mayor de Kogan (KAOP), validada al español, en 109 estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada. Resultados. Los estudiantes participantes manifestaron tener, de media, una actitud neutral hacia el adulto mayor (valor KAOP 143.60±11.70). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por género ni por año académico (p=0.804) en los datos observados. Conclusiones. La actitud observada hacia el adulto mayor entre los estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada es neutral, sin diferencias por género ni por año académico. Son necesarios estudios futuros sobre la temática para esclarecer las posibles causas de esta actitud.
Abstract Introduction: The world's population is growing and ageing. Considering this demographic change in the population, a large amount of health science professionals will work with elderly people after graduation, although most students in these areas have little knowledge and interest in this population. Objective: To analyze attitudes towards the elderly in Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada in Spain. Materials and methods: Descriptive study. The Kogan scale of attitudes toward older people (KAOP), validated in Spanish, was applied in 109 Occupational Therapy students of Universidad de Granada. Results: On average, the participating students had a neutral attitude towards older adults (KAOP value 143.60±11.70). No statistically significant differences were found by sex or academic year (p=0.804) in the observed data. Conclusions: The attitude towards the elderly observed among Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada is neutral, with no differences by sex or academic year. Further studies on the subject are necessary to elucidate the possible causes of this attitude.
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Background: Obesity is associated with pain, reduction of function and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Aim: To describe the clinical profile of women with knee OA according to their body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: Observational study in 308 women with knee OA. According to their BMI, they were classified as normal-weight, overweight and obese. The primary outcome measure was functionality evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes were sleep quality evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and quality of life assessed with the European Quality of Life Five Dimension (EuroQol-5D). Results: WOMAC, PSQI and EuroQol-5D scores were significantly higher in obese women. Conclusions: Overweight and obese women with OA have more sleep disorders, reduction on functionality and quality of life compared to their normal weight counterparts.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Quality of Life/psychology , Osteoarthritis, Knee/etiology , Obesity/complications , Phenotype , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology , Severity of Illness Index , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology , Osteoarthritis, Knee/psychology , Obesity/physiopathologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background Few studies have explored the effects of stretching techniques on diaphragm and spine kinematics. Objective To determine whether the application of diaphragm stretching resulted in changes in posterior chain muscle kinematics and ribcage and abdominal excursion in healthy subjects. Method Eighty healthy adults were included in this randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group, which received a diaphragmatic stretching technique, or the placebo group, which received a sham-ultrasound procedure. The duration of the technique, the position of participants, and the therapist who applied the technique were the same for both treatments. Participant assessment (cervical range of movement, lumbar flexibility, flexibility of the posterior chain, and rib cage and abdominal excursion) was performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by a blinded assessor. Results The mean between-group difference [95% CI] for the ribcage excursion after technique at xiphoid level was 2.48 [0.97 to 3.99], which shows significant differences in this outcome. The remaining between-group analysis showed significant differences in cervical extension, right and left flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level (p<0.05) in favor of the experimental group. Conclusion Diaphragm stretching generates a significant improvement in cervical extension, right and left cervical flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level compared to a placebo technique in healthy adults.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Diaphragm/physiology , Range of Motion, Articular/physiology , Rib Cage/physiology , Biomechanical Phenomena , Exercise TherapyABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to characterize and clarify the relationships between the various cognitive domains affected in COPD patients and the disease itself, as well as to determine the prevalence of impairment in the various cognitive domains in such patients. To that end, we performed a systematic review using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We included articles that provided information on cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The review of the findings of the articles showed a significant relationship between COPD and cognitive impairment. The most widely studied cognitive domains are memory and attention. Verbal memory and learning constitute the second most commonly impaired cognitive domain in patients with COPD. The prevalence of impairment in visuospatial memory and intermediate visual memory is 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively. We found that cognitive impairment is associated with the profile of COPD severity and its comorbidities. The articles reviewed demonstrated that there is considerable impairment of the cognitive domains memory and attention in patients with COPD. Future studies should address impairments in different cognitive domains according to the disease stage in patients with COPD.
Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e esclarecer as relações entre os vários domínios cognitivos afetados em pacientes com DPOC e a doença em si, assim como determinar a prevalência de comprometimentos cognitivos em tais pacientes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus e ScienceDirect. Os artigos incluídos forneciam informações sobre os comprometimentos cognitivos em pacientes com DPOC. A revisão dos achados de tais artigos mostrou uma relação significativa entre DPOC e comprometimento cognitivo. Os domínios cognitivos mais estudados são a memória e a atenção. Memória verbal e aprendizagem constituem o segundo domínio cognitivo mais comumente prejudicado em pacientes com DPOC. A prevalência de comprometimento da memória visuoespacial e da memória visual intermediária é 26,9% e 19.2%, respectivamente. Observamos que o comprometimento cognitivo está associado ao perfil de gravidade da DPOC e suas comorbidades. A revisão dos artigos demonstrou que há um comprometimento considerável dos domínios memória e atenção em pacientes com DPOC. Investigações futuras devem abordar os comprometimentos em diferentes domínios cognitivos em conformidade com o estágio da doença em pacientes com DPOC.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Memory Disorders/etiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cognition Disorders/classification , Learning Disabilities/etiology , Memory Disorders/classification , Neuropsychological Tests , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Introducción: En Cuba desde algunos años se realizan evaluaciones de la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería y para ello se cuenta con criterios, indicadores y estándares, sin embargo no todos son aplicables a los servicios pediátricos. Objetivo: Diseñar criterios, indicadores y estándares para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería en la pediatría hospitalaria. Métodos: Proyecto investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud realizado en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "Paquito González Cueto" en el período de octubre del 2008 a septiembre del 2009. Para la validación se utilizó el criterio de expertos y se aplicaron los instrumentos diseñados. En el desarrollo de la investigación se estructuró el diseño de los instrumentos y la validación del mismo. Resultados: Se diseñaron criterios, indicadores y estándar para los servicios de pediatría hospitalaria quedando constituidos por seis criterios de estructura, cinco criterios de proceso, y siete de resultado, con su respectiva lista de observación. Conclusiones: Se concluye que los criterios, indicadores y estándares para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería en los servicios de pediatría pueden constituir una herramienta útil para el trabajo de los directivos de la profesión y en consecuencia la mejora de la atención que se presta(AU)
Introduction: In Cuba some years carried out quality assessments of nursing care and for that we have criteria, indicators and standards, however not all of them are applicable to pediatric services. Objective: To design criteria, indicators and standards for assessing the quality of nursing care in the pediatric hospital. Methods: Research project in health systems and services performed in "Paquito González Cueto" University Pediatric Hospital in the period October 2008 to September 2009. For the validation it was used the criterion of experts and there were applied the designed instruments. In the development of the research it was structured the design of instruments and its validation. Results: Criteria, indicators and standards were designed for hospital pediatric services, being composed of six criteria of structure, five criteria of process, and seven of result, with their respective remark list. Conclusions: It is concluded that the criteria, indicators and standards for assessing the quality of the nursing care in pediatric services may be a useful tool for the work of the managers of the profession and consequently for the improving of the care that is provided(AU)
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Humans , Child , Nursing Care , Pediatric Nursing/education , Quality Indicators, Health Care , Child, Hospitalized , Child Health Services/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo utilizando la tecnología de la red computarizada de bases de datos INTERNET con el objeto de realizar la revisión de la situación epidemiológica del VIH/sida en el mundo, desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad, simultáneamente se accedió a diversos organismos nacionales e internacionales con el fín de obtener información actualizada acerca de la epidemia en Venezuela. El VIH/sida se ha convertido en una pandemia de gran magnitud y según las últimas estimaciones de la OMS y la ONUSIDA hubo más de 30 millones de personas infectadas por el VIH al final de 1997, encontrándose que las dos terceras partes de la población afectada se concentra en el continente africano: En Asia la mayor frecuencia de infección ocurre en los niveles socioeconómicos bajos. En América se observa que la subregión con mayor incidencia de casos es Norteamérica en comparación con América Latina y el Caribe, donde la epidemia tiene características muy heterogéneas, en cuanto a modos de transmisión. En Venezuela el número de casos ha ido aumentando progresivamente a lo largo de los años, predominando en las poblaciones de mayor densidad, siendo la vía sexual la forma más importante de transmisión