Epidemiological studies on highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 during late 2009 and 2010 in Egypt

Epidemiological studies on AI virus H5N1 in different governorates in Egypt [Alexandria, Bohera, Cairo, El-fayom, Gharbia, Giza and Dakahlia] during late 2009 and 2010 were carried out. These studies included seventy five flocks [49 broilers, 17 layer, 4 breeder and 5 duck flocks] showing high mortality rate with respiratory manifestations and diarrhea, through isolation in specific pathogen free eggs and identification by hemagglutination inhibition test using H5N1 antiserum. The data revealed the following: a percentage of 32.7%, 76.5%, 50% and 40% in broiler, layer, breeder and duck flocks respectively were positive for AIV H5N1. The highest incidence was recorded in layer flocks followed by broiler breeder flocks, duck then broiler flocks with total incidence of 44% in all species. Sequencing and phylogenetic tree of hemagglutinin [HA] gene of six positive AIV H5N1 isolates from chickens during 2010 were done. Phylogenetic tree showed that all HA gene sequences blonged to highly diverse clade 2.2.1 viruses according to WHO/FAO/OIE nomenclature. Analysis of amino acid sequences of HA glycoprotein revealed some mutations at the receptor binding site of the HA molecule

Biochemical effect of some feed additives and immunological response in broilder chickens

This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with prebiotics beta-glucan, MOS 500 and Bio MOS [registered sign] on the broilers performance, biochemical parameters and immune response for 5 weeks. One hundred and twenty 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups as follows: control, beta-glucan [1g/kg], MOS 500 [0.5g/kg] and Bio MOS [registered sign] [1g/kg]. Each treatment was divided into three replicates [ten birds/ replicate]. The overall BW gains of birds treated with prebiotics were significantly [P <0.01] higher than those of the control group. During the experiment, the birds fed supplemental Bio MOS [registered sign] gave the best FCR followed by beta-glucan MOS 500 and then the control group. Addition of these prebiotics were improved the levels of serum total protein and globulin which in turn support the immune function against NDV and IBDV. In addition to, supplementation of broiler chicks by beta-glucan, MOS 500 and Bio-MOS [registered sign] had no effect on the liver transmination enzymes and some kidney function which represent the non pathological metabolism of the liver and kidneys indicating their safety supplementation in broiler feed

Effect of dietary enzymes supplementation on growth performance, immune response, some blood parameters and carcass quality of broiler chicks

One hundred and twenty, day old age healthy cobb broiler chicks were used to study the influence of dietary supplementation of enzymes on growth performance, immune response, some blood parameters and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Broiler chicks were allotted into four groups; chicks of group 1 [the control] were fed on basal diet only, chicks of group 2 were fed on the basal diet supplemented by Deltazyme plus [registered sign] at 0.5 g/kg diet, chicks of group 3 received 95%basal diet +5% wheat bran and chicks of group 4 received the same diet of group 3 supplemented with Deltazyme plus [registered sign] supplementation improved significantly [P 0.05] increased in chicks of group 4 when compared with those of group 3. Dietary enzymes supplementation [groups 2 and 4] reduced daily feed intake when compared with those groups 1 and 3 respectively. Dietary supplementation of Deltazyme plus [registered sign] at 0.5 g/kg diet improved significantly [P

Molecular characterization of the avian influenza virus in Egypt

Epidemiological studies on AI virus in different governorates in Egypt [Alexandria, Bohera, Gharbia, Kafr El Sheikh, Fayoum and Menofia] during 2007 to 2009 were carried out. These studies included broiler, layer and breeder flocks in addition to duck flocks and pigeon samples. Using the RT-PCR and Chromatography test, the data revealed the following: A total of 29 out of 59, 5 out of 11 and 2 out of 5 broiler, layer and breeder examined flocks were positive with a percentage of 49.2%, 45.5% and 40% respectively. Regard to duck flocks, 10 examined flocks were negative but 2 birds out of 82 pigeon samples were positive with a percentage of 2.4%. The data clearly indicated that the highest outbreaks with AI virus were recorded in broiler flocks followed by layer and breeder flocks, then pigeon samples. The data also, indicated that the chromatography test is a highly sensitive test used for detection of the avian influenza virus. The phylogenetic analysis of the full length genome sequences of the eight viral segments from virus isolates from chicken revealed that the clustering of our samples was within clade 2.2. The isolates had the multiple basic sequences in the heamagglutinin gene at cleavage site indicating a highly pathogenic phenotype. Sequence analysis of the eight gene segments showed nucleotide as well as amino acid substitutions

Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as contaminant of fowl pox vaccines

This study was designated to detect reticuloendotheliosis virus [REV] as a contaminant in fowl pox vaccines. A total of 30 fowl pox vaccine samples were examined for the presence of REV using the in vitro and in vivo methods. In the in vitro test, the fowl pox vaccine samples were inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast [CEF] cultures prepared from SPF embryonated chicken eggs and examined by PCR test for detection of REV. In the in vivo test, each fowl pox vaccine sample was inoculated in five days old SPF chicks and kept under observation up to 12 weeks post inoculation [P1]; serum samples were collected at 15th, 30th, and 45th days P1 for the detection of antibodies against REV by commercial ELISA kit, and tissue samples were collected at 8th and 12th weeks PI for histopathological examination. Results revealed that: only one imported vaccine sample gave positive results by PCR test a product of 291- bp was obtained by the vaccine sample. Serum samples collected from positive vaccine batch were tested for REV antibodies by ELISA test and the sera were positive. Histopathological examination for liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius revealed the presence of tumor cells in the examined organs and these changes confirmed the results obtained by PCR and ELISA tests and indicated that the sample is contaminated with REV. The data clearly indicated that screening of all commercial poultry vaccines to be virus free is an important factor in assuring the biosafety of animal vaccines

Assessment of hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in albino rats with induced bone barrow suppression

The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury. Within a week after partial hepatectomy [PH] hepatic mass is back essentially to what it was prior to surgery. Hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs] may contribute in the regeneration and the renewal capacity of hepatocytes. To investigate the origin of hepatocytes in liver regeneration whether from resident hepatic stem cells or from circulated HSCs after suppression of HSCs from bone marrow by Benzene This experimental study included 24 adult male albino rats. The studied animals were divided into 4 groups; first group [control group] was included 6 normal rats. No intervention was carried out to this group of rates. Second group [PH] group] was included 6 rats in which 70% PH was done. Third group [Benzene group] was included 6 rats of in which bone marrow [BM] suppression was carried out by Benzene injection. Ten injections were performed subcutaneously in a period of 3 weeks for induction of BM suppression. Fourth group [Benzene+ PH group] was included 6 rats in which BM suppression was carried out as 3rd group. Seventy percent PH was then done to them. Cytological changes during regeneration were assessed in all groups by; the number of binucleate cells and the restored number of hepatocytes. Mitotic index was performed in the second and the fourth groups. The percent of regeneration was also calculated. Immunohistochemistry technique was used for detection of CD34+ cells markers in liver tissues by using anti CD34+ cells antibodies [this technique is done in group 4 only]. Our results found that mean weights of rats and assumed liver weights, there were no statistical significant differences between the studied groups. PH group had shown higher regeneration rate than Benzene+ PH group; the former showed a mean loss of 19% [81 +/- 2.1% of regeneration] of their original weight by the end of the first week, and the latter a mean loss of 30% [70 +/- 0.7% of regeneration]. Number of binucleate cells there was a significant difference in benzene treated group compared to control group [p<0.05]. Mitotic index there was significant higher mitotic index in partially hepatectomized after bone marrow suppression by benzene than partially hepatectomized group [p<0.05]. We had used CD34 [CBRE8] antibody in our. It is indicated that the hepatocytes can regenerate the liver and restore its original size. Hematopoietic stem cells may habitat the endothelial cells in the liver. Their role in hepatic regeneration doesn't appear early after partial hepatectomy it mobilized from bone marrow to the damaged liver rlay in the liver tissues for long time [> 7 days] then differentiate into non parynchematous liver tissues

Effect of triple therapy for helicobacter pylori eradication on hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial

Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] infection could potentially contribute to the development and severity of hepatic encephalopathy due to strong urease activity in the stomach of H. pylori infected cirrhotic patients. To assess the effect of triple eradication therapy for H. pylori on hepatic encephalopathy. Open randomized controlled clinical trial with 4 arms. liver diseases unit in Suez Canal University Hospital - tertiary care. Forty four Hp+ [Group 1] and 44 Hp- patients [Group 2] [based on rapid urease test of gastric biopsy] with hepatic encephalopathy grade 1 - 3. Triple eradication therapy for H. pylori versus standard treatment for hepatic encephalopathy in group 1 and antimicrobial therapy [without Omeprazole] versus standard treatment in group 2 for 14 days. Blind assessment of the grade of encephalopathy before and within three days from end of treatment. One grade improvement was considered treatment success. Success rate was 18.2% in standard treatment and 63.6% in triple therapy [p< 0.001] in H pylori positive. While in H. pylori negative patients the success was 9.1% in standard treatment versus 59.1% [P< 0.001] in and antimicrobial therapy. Success rate was not significantly different between standard treatment or between triple therapy and antimicrobial therapy among both groups. Among other factors in logistic regression models both triple therapy [OR: 1.03<6.22<37.69, P= 0.047] and antimicrobial therapy [OR: 2.09<11.42<59.46, P= 0.02] were significant predictors of success in the respective groups. Both triple eradication therapy for H. pylori and antimicrobial therapy only, equally improve the outcome of management of hepatic encephalopathy. The improvement may be attributed to the effect of antimicrobial therapy on ammonia producing gut flora rather than H. pylori eradication. H pylori eradication therapy adds no benefit in hepatic encephalopathy

Effects of aging on pancreatic islet cell function: an experimental immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

A strong relationship between aging and diabetes mellitus has been clinically suggested, however, none of the previous published data had clearly focused on the age-related cytomorphological changes in the pancreas which are the goal of this study. Three groups of male apparently healthy rabbits have been used, ten animals each; classified as group-1 [3-5months old]; group-2 [9-12 months old] and group-3 [24-36 months old]. After sacrification, sections from the pancreas were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin [H and E], Gomori trichromic stain and ultrastructurally to detect aging histologic changes as well as immunohistochemically to identify insulin and glucagon secreting cells using their appropriate monoclonal antibodies. A progressive histological distortion with fibrosis and fatty changes were directly proportional to age, being mild in group-2 and severe in group-3. Morphometric studies by computerized image analysis showed that the mean number of islets was significantly higher in group2 [8.98+/-1.51], lowest in group-1 [5.08+/-1.48] and intermediate in group-3 [6.37+/-1.37]. The mean diameter and square area of islets were significantly higher in group-2 compared to other groups [P< 0.05]. The mean number of beta cells per islet and their secretary granules were significantly [P <0.05] higher in group-2, intermediate in group-1 and lowest in group-3.In contrast, the mean number of alpha cells per islet and their secretory granules were insignificantly [P< 0.05] higher in group -2, intermediate in group-3 and lowest in group-1.Also, the beta/alpha ratio [beta cells/alpha cells] was greatest in group-2 [3.059:1], intermediate in group-1 [3.37:1], and lowest in group-3 [2.479:1]. The increased number of beta cells may be due to a compensatory process to correct the hormonal feedback mechanism of insulin .The results of this work suggest that beta cells are generally more vulnerable to aging, an observation which might be correlated clinically with higher incidence of diabetes in older ages

Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in adult male albino rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TNF- alpha on liver regeneration after seventy percent partial hepatectomy of male rats. Rats were divided into three groups: control, untreated partially hepatectomised group and Pentoxifylline [a drug which blocks TNF-alpha] treated hepatectomised group. Each group had thirteen rats. Rats were killed on the 1[st], 3[rd], 5[th] and 7[th] days posthepatectomy. The removed part of the liver was weighed to detect the increase of the total liver weight on the previous days. A sample of the liver was taken for histological and immunohistochemical studies. The weight of liver in the untreated group showed gradual increase up to more than ninety nine per cent of the original liver weight on the7[th] day posthepatectomy. In the treated group, it reached only fifty five per cent of the original liver weight on the 7[th] day posthepatectomy. Mitotic activity in the untreated group was sharply increased on the 1[st] day then gradually decreased and disappeared on the 7[th] day. Treated group showed a decreasing in mitotic activity from the1[st] day and disappearing on the 3[rd] day. Immunohistochemical studies in untreated group showed intense cytoplasmic overexpression for TNF- alpha on the 1[st] and the 3[rd] days, moderate overexpression on the 5[th] day and mild overexpression on the 7[th] day. Treated group showed mild overexpression on the 1[st] day and no expression on other day posthepatectomy. The study demonstrated that TNF- alpha promoted the regenerative changes that occur in the liver after partial hepatectomy

Biochemical studies on ionic homeostasis in diabetic and insulin-treated albino rats [with 2 tables]

In the present study, copper, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium homeostasis as well as blood glucose and liver glycogen were investigated in untreated and treated diabetic rats. The ionic alterations in plasma and liver were concomittant with those fluctuations occurring in blood glucose and liver glycogen through all the periods of investigation. In treated rats, insulin injection was able to maintain, for a large extent, the ionic homeostasis. It seems that the endocrine imbalance was responsible for the alterations in both transport and metabolism of those ions. Also, it is possible that alterations in plasma and tissue levels of those ions may contribute to the development of liver complication

INF-gamma, IL-5 and IGE profiles in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni Egyptian patients with or without hepatitis C infection

The immune response against clinical forms of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni patients with or without HCV infection was evaluated by assays the serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL- 5 for estimate the cell mediated immunity and IgE level to estimate the humoral immunity. This study included three patient groups. G.I included 25 patients with intestinal schistosomiasis, G.II included 15 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and G.III included 40 patients hepatosplenic schistosomiasis co-infected with HCV. Control G.IV included 15 healthy persons with matched age and sex. The intestinal group had high IFN-gamma [92%], normal level of IL-5 and IgE. The immune response was mainly 100% Th-1 response. The hepatosplenic patients had high IFN-gamma [26.7%], IL-5 [86.7%] and IgE [73.3%]. The immune response was 73.4% Th-0, 13.3% Th-l and 13.3% Th-2. The co-infected group had high IFN-gamma [62.7%], IL-5 [100%] and IgE [92.5%]. The immune response was 62.5% Th-0 and 37.5% Th-2 immunity. The shift to Th-0 and Th-2 immunity as well as associated depression of Th-1 in mixed group of patients may be playing a role in the persistence and severity of both diseases. Such immunity defects add to decrease challenge against HCV clearance

Postoperative control of pain after total knee replacement: epidural infusion of bupivacaine-sufentanil and levobupivacaine-sufentanil mixtures

Regional anasthesia [particulary epidural technique] leads to reduction in intraoperative and postoperative complications thus improving morbidity and mortality after major surgery [1-2], minimizing or preventing side effects and risk are economic benefits which can be balanced against, or purchased by costs, especially in terms of postoperative morbidity and hospital stay [3-4-5]. Racemic bupivacaine has been widely used as a local anesthetic beacuse of its long duration of action and beneficial ratio of sensory to motor block when used for epidural analgesia. However there have been reports of death attributable to bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in patients after accidental intravascular injection [6] or during intravenous regional anaesthesia [7]. Levobupivacaine was developed because of concern regarding bupivacaine cardiotoxicity and preclinical evidence suggesting that there is stereospecificity with regard to blockade of impulse conduction in the cardiovascular system. Clinical studies have shown that levobupivacaine is equipotent to bupivacaine in vitro and in vivo in terms of anaesthesia efficacy. This study was conducted on fort patients classified into two groups, each of twenty, undergoing total knee replacement, comparing the analgesic efficacy, effects on hemodynamic parameters and the occurrence of side effects, between two groups receiving either bupivacaine sufentanil or levobupivacaine-sufentanil mixtures for post operative control of pain. This study revealed non-significant difference between the two groups as regard the effectiveness of pain control as determined by monitoring the 100 mm visual analogue scale, degree of sedation as detected by the four points sedation score also changes in the hemodynamic parameters were comparable between the two groups as well as the prevalence of side effects

Effects of administration of alpha interferon in mice during pregnancy, on the livers of the mothers and offsprings. A histological and ultrastructural study

In this work, five non-pregnant mice were used as a negative control group to study the normal basic structure of the liver; two groups of pregnant mice, each included ten animals, were also used. In the first pregnant group, the animals were injected subcutaneously with alpha interferon at a daily dose of 150,000 IU/kg b. wt. from the first day of pregnancy till the time of delivery; while, in the second pregnant group, the animals were injected by an equivalent amount of sterile water for the same period of the first group. At the day of delivery, half of the mothers of each group were sacrificed, while the other half were left to suckle the offsprings. From the offsprings of each group, six pups were randomly chosen to be sacrificed after one day and another six after three weeks of delivery. From all the studied animals, liver samples were taken and processed for light and electron microscopic examination

Assessment of CD5+B Cell Compartment in Chronic Hepatitis C virus patients

The present study was designed to assess the peripheral blood CD5+B lymphocytes in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection, which could help in predicting early autoreactivity and targeting appropriate therapeutic intervention. The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study carried out at the hepatology and gastroenterology unit of Suez-Canal University Hospital, Ismailia Egypt. Thirty individuals were enrolled in the study and classified into two subgroup; the study group 15 HCV-RNA positive associated chronic liver disease patients and the control group 15 adult apparently healthy volunteers blood donors. Individuals included in the study were subjected to medical history, clinical examination, complete liver function tests using the fully automated Hitachi-704 biochemical analyzer, serological tests for rheumatoid factor, HBV, HCV viral markers by Elisa technique, HCV-RT-PCR was used for detection of HCV RNA. ANA was tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique, complete blood picture by the fully automated cell-day hematology counter and flowcytometric assessment of the peripheral blood CD19+/5+B lymphocytes by using B and D FACS caliber. The evident predominance of this B cell population in chronic liver disease patients with active HCV infection may give rise to immune-mediated squeal associated with HCV infection. This expanded population of CD5+B cells may modulate the course of the liver disease complicating HCV infection

Drinking water qualities of different purification systems in Ismailia governorate

This study monitored ten drinking water treatment systems; three compact, two small filtration and five conventional. The bacteriological, chemical and physicochemical qualification of water was achieved at the inlet, pre-and post-chlorination. The counts of total viable bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, coliform streptococci, Salmonella, Shigella and Aeromonas were considered as the most reliable bacterial parameters for water potability. A total of 613 bacterial isolates was identified and found to belong to 18 genera and 21 species; most of them have pathogenic capabilities and free chlorine resistance reached 5 mg/l for 85 isolates. 30% of them represented Bacillus species, 15% Staphylococcus, 12% Escherichia and 10% Corynebacterium. Other 14 bacterial genera were distinguished in this survey

Risk factors of stone recurrence in idiopathic renal calculi

Recurrent kidney stone [RKS] is a long-term problem causing a significant morbidity. The study was conducted to determine the rate of recurrence of calcium oxalate [Ca-Ox] kidney stones at 5 years after the first symptomatic stone, and to identify the risk factors of stone recurrence and their predictive values. The study included 233 patients with idiopathic Ca-Ox kidney stones. Medical History abbreviated food frequency questionnaire, and laboratory investigations were used to collect the data. The relative risk and 95% confidence interval of stone recurrence for each hypothesized risk factor was determined. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression [LR] was used to identify the significant risk factors and their negative and positive predictive values. The overall rate of recurrence was 61.8%. Young agent the first stone episode, male sex, positive family history [FH] and low fluid and high protein intake were found to be significant risk factors of stone recurrence. No significant differences were identified between recurrent and first stone formers for any of the laboratory measurements. The positive and negative predictive values of a model containing the significant risk factors were 78.3% and 54.4% respectively, with an overall prediction of 69.1%. Ca-Ox kidney stones have a high rate of recurrence. Fluid and protein intake appears to play an important role in kidney stone recurrence. We cannot, identify a good predictive model for stone recurrence so, we recommend pursuing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for all first-stone formers

Hepatitis C virus genotyping among different groups with positive serological evidence for HCV infection

Hepatitis C viral [HCV] infection, is a major health problem all over the world. HCV genotypes have been implicated in many: clinical aspects including the severity of liver disease, response to antiviral therapy and geographical distribution. A number of previous studies highlighted the magnitude of HCV infection in Egypt. In the current study we assessed the distribution of HCV genotypes, and the prevalence of HCV viremia among 204 Egyptian subjects classified into four high-risk groups as follows: HCV-associated chronic liver disease [n=144]. healthy blood donors [n=18], hemodialysis patients [n=14], and family contacts of index patients [n=28]. And for comparison HCV genotypes were also determined among 115 American patients chronically infected with HCV. HCV antibodies were assessed using 2nd generation [EIA]. HCV RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR. using primers specific to the 5 UTR region of the HCV genome. HCV genotypes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] and HCV viral quantitation was carried out using branched DNA assay [bDNA]. HCV viremia was demonstrated in 53% of the overall population, 42% were negative for HCV RNA while 5% showed indeterminate results. HCV genotype distribution revealed that the majority [72%] of our population was infected with type 4a. while type la and Ib were demonstrated in 4% and 15% respectively. HCV risk factors were given by 74% of the patients while 26% were unaware of any exposure to risk factors. More that 60% of the population were unaware of the duration, of their infection. Liver transaminases were significantly higher in HCV viremic patients compared to non-viremic ones. Both HCV viremia and HCV genotypes were statistically unrelated to the examined predictor variables i.e. age, gender, risk factors including schistosomiasis, duration of infection or liver histology. In the American population HCV genotype 1 was the most common genotype. The majority of patients reported duration of 10-20 years for their HCV illness. A tendency towards higher ALT and bDNA [levels was encountered in the American, patients comvared to the Egyptians

Lipid peroxidation in cord blood as a marker of fetal hypoxia and its relation to early amniotomy

This work was designed to study the relation between early amniotomy and lipid peroxidation in cord blood taken as a marker for fetal hypoxia. 200 women with singleton, term, cephalic presentation and with initially normal fetal heart rate tracing had had amniotic fluid index assessment before and after amniotomy and umbilical cord blood sampling and biochemical analyses were performed immediately after delivery. The whole blood samples were analyzed for the concentrations of malondialdehyde and organic hydroperoxides. Routine early amniotomy during labor is associated with high levels of lipid peroxidation in the fetus reflecting an increase in hypoxic cellular damage by free radicals. So, routine early amniotomy during labor should be abandoned and it should be replaced by selective amniotomy in abnormal labor

Eimeria tenella infection during aflatoxicosis and administration of anticoccidial drugs

To investigate the effect[s] of aflatoxicosis on E. tenella infection, one day-old, male LSL Brown chicks were randomly allotted into 10 equal treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicates with 10 birds/replicate. Aflatoxicosis was induced by contaminating the starter ration with 5 ppm of aflatoxin during the first two weeks of age, followed by 2.5 ppm for the third week. Coccidia infection was done by intracrop administration of 20.000 living sporulated E.tenella oocysts/bird at 14 days of age. Lasaloci and clopidol were prophylactically used as anticoccidial agents at doses of 75 and 125 ppm, respectively, from one day old to the 35th day of age. The main findings were as follows: Aflatoxin treatment of non-infected birds significantly reduced body weignts compared to non-toxicosed and infected or non-infected birds. Combined aflatoxicosis and caecal coccidiosdis caused more depression of body weight and more mortality than either alone. E. tenella infection resulted in 23.33% mortality and clopidol medicated birth showed 6.67% mortality. However, lasalocid prevented completely mortality due to E. tenella infection. Aflatoxin alone in ration caused 20% mortality, while aflatoxin with E. tenella caused 36.67% mortality. Lasalocid and clopidol-medicated birds treated with aflatoxin had 10% and 16.67% mortalities respectively. Lasalocid treated surpassed clopidol-treated birds in the reductiojn of oocyst production and lesion scores. Aflatoxin did not interfere with the life cycle of E. tenella as judged by the daily output of oocysts