[Prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors among the population of rural areas of Kurdistan Province, in Iran: a population-based study by rapid assessment method in 2015]

Background and Aim: Determination of prevalence of non-communicable diseases [NCD] risk factors is the key factor for designing any intervention program for the control and prevention of these diseases. The aim of this study was to determine NCD risk factors among rural areas population in Kurdistan Province, in Iran, in 2015

Materials and Methods: In this population-based study, we investigated the prevalence of main NCD risk factors among 13710 adults above 20 years of age selected by systematic random sampling method from rural areas of Kurdistan Province, in the north-west of Iran. Data were collected by using a standard questionnaire. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis

Results: The results showed that 10.6% [9.0-12.2%] of the participants were current daily tobacco smokers and 32% [31.5-33.0%] of them had passive smoking. 54.9% [54.1-55.8%] used solid oils as the main consumed oil by the households. The prevalence rate of overweight/obesity was 17.2% [16.5-17.8%]. Mean daily fruit and vegetable consumption and also mean hours of exercise or vigorous physical activity per week were 1.6+/-0.9 servings and 2.8+/-3.5 hours, respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension and hyperlipidemia were estimated 8.2% [7.8-8.7%] and 3.3% [3.0-3.7%], respectively. The prevalence rats of stroke, various cancers, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], depression and diabetes were 0.6% [0.5-0.8%], 0.4% [0.3-0.6%], 1.1% [0.9-1.3%], 1%[0.8-1.1%], 1.5% [1.3-1.7%] and 2.5% [2.2-2.7%], respectively. Different cities of the province showed significant differences in the prevalence rates of the most of the risk factors [P<0.05]

Conclusion: This population-based study provided the real figures of NCD risk factors among the population living in the rural areas of Kurdistan Province. We recommend use of the results of this study for designing any intervention program for control and prevention of NCD in this region

[Effect of six weeks endurance training on tumor tissue IL-10 cytokine levels in breast cancer bearing mice]

The twenty female Balb/c mice [6-8 week-old, 14 +/- 2 gr weights] were divided to two control and exercise groups. After orientation in the environment, estrogen-receptor dependent breast cancer cells [MC4-L2] were injected to them and exercise group performed endurance exercise for 6 weeks. After appearance of the tumor, the length and width of the tumor were measured by a digital caliper once a week. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized and levels of IL-10 were measured and quantified using ELISA method. There was significant increase on level of IL-10 in exercise group than control group [P>0.05]. Tumor volume reduced in exercise group than control group. The results showed that the amount of IL-10 significantly increased in the exercise group compared to control group Also reduction in tumor volume observed in the exercise group compared to control group. Increased levels of IL-10 was in parallel to reduction in tumor volume, which shows that exercise lead to reduction tumor growth through increased levels of this cytokine. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for continued growth and spread of tumors, therefore, increased levels of IL-10 that is an angiogenesis cytokine in the exercise group compared to the control group shows exercise can inhibit from tumor growth by modulating cytokine profile within the tumor microenvironment

[Effect of Methocarbamol on postoperative pain following cholecystectomy]

Post pain operative is common and a major complication which lead to numerous dangerous effects in various organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of methocarbamol on postoperative pain following cholecystectomy. In a randomized, double - blind clinical trail study 60 ASA I, II patient in two group [n=30 in each group] between 30-50 years old and weigh lower of 100kg undergone general anesthesia for cholecystectomy. Elective surgery was selected in Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran during 2008. Both group did not receive premedication and under similar condition of general anesthesia. Interventional group received 500mg Methocarbamol intravenus slowly and the control group received 5ml placebo slowly after operation. The pain score were measured by visual anesthesia scale [VAS] on the 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after operation and if necessitated narcotics [PRN, VAS>4] were prescribed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA, Chi-Square and student's t-tests. There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of age, gender. The mean of score pain was lower for interventional group at 6.24 hours after operation [P<0.05]. But no significant differences was observed at 1, 3 and 12 hours. The prescribe narcotic in interventional group was lower compared to controls [P<0.05]. According to analgesic effects and low prescribe narcotics, it is suggested to use methocarbamol after operative due to analgesic effect

[ effect of oral dextrometorphan and placebo on the postoperative pain severity of adenotonsillectomy]

One of the most important problematic issues in modern medicine is relieving the post operative pain. The pharmacological management of acute postoperative pain has been traditionally based on various regimens of opioids or NSAIDs. Considering the side effects of opioids and NSAIDs, it leads to think about replacement of these drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral dextrometorphan in comparison to placebo on the postoperative pain severity of Adenotonsillectomy in patients between 3-12 years old. In this clinical trial study 160 and children undergoing adenotonsillectomy were randomly divided in to four [1, 2, 3, 4] equal groups [40 patients in each group]. Two hours before anesthesia, groups 1 and 2 received 0.5 mg/kg of oral dextrometorphan syrup and groups 3 and 4 received placebo. 24 hours after the operation, groups 1 and 3 received 0.5 mg/kg of oral dextrometorphan syrup and groups 2 and 4 received placebo. The pain severity was evaluated by Oucher test every 6 hours. The data were analyzed using Chi square and repeated measure ANOVAs. In all groups, the most pain severity was on in the ward, and the least pain severity was 24 hours after operation. Base on these findings, the pain severity in all groups had a contrast relation with the age [P<0.05]. But there was not a significant relation between the pain severity and gender. There was not a significant difference among the four groups in relation to pain severity, but the pain severity in all groups significantly reduced [P<0.05]. Based on the findings, oral dextrometorphan, with this dosage dose not reduce the pain severity in children

[ comparison of the effects of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein supplements on heat shock protein 72[HSP72] during intermittent soccer activities]

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Carbohydrate and Carbohydrate-Protein supplements on heat shock protein 72[HSP72] during intermittent soccer activities. 24 soccer players of super clubs were selected and divided into 3 groups of carbohydrate [CHO], carbohydrate-protein [CHO-PRO] and placebo [P]. Intermittent activities included 24 trials of modified Ekblom tests or soccer simulation activities. Subjects ingested drinks before, during and 1 hour after intermittent activities. Blood samples were collected before [baseline], immediately, 1 hour and 24 hours after simulated intermittent activities. HSP72 levels, Insulin and blood Glucose counts, were measured using Elisa Kit. The results showed significant differences in HSP72 levels, Insulin and blood Glucose levels, immediately and 1 hour after intermittent activities of CHO and CHO-PRO groups compared to placebo group [p

[Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers in Shahrekord, 2009]

Background and aims: Barbers are public places and people with different economical, cultural, and health conditions are referred to these places and the public health care, could be very important. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination level in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers by determining the fungal and Staphylococcus aurous infections

Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, data collection was done by completing the checklist. Microbial and fugal analysis were included the germ tube and Slide culture

Results: Staphylococcus aurous was the main bacterial contamination at the rate of 12.4%. The causes of fungal contamination included Dermatophyte [Microsporum nanum] 1%, Candida albicans 8.2%, Penicillium 11%, Rhizopus 3.3% and Scopulariopsis less than one percent

Conculsion: The results show that the infection ratio by the Staphylococcus aurous and Dermatophyte in the barber's equipments in Shahrekord is lower than the other reports

[ effect of body composition and physical activity on basal levels of insulin, glucose, IL-18, IL-6 and CRP and their relationship with insulin resistance]

Obesity and physically inactive lifestyles are associated with an increased risk for developing insulin resistance. It has been confirmed that insulin resistance is a common feature in many inflammatory diseases and can be recognized with overproduced levels of markers such as IL-6, IL-18 and CRP. The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity or inactivity are stronger factors in the develop mental insulin resistance, considering insulin resistance markers such as IL-6, IL-18 and CRP. Thirty-two healthy, male students participated in the present study, age 24. 8 +/- 2.52 years, height 175.47 +/- 6.7, and weight 81.64 +/- 20.14]. Weight and body fat were measured with the body composition set and levels of exercise was determined with the PA-Rscore questionnaire. All subjects based on body fat and levels of exercise were divided into 4 groups: Active obese [n=8], active, non-obese[n=8], inactive, obese [n=8] and inactive, non obese[n=8]. To determine fasting values of IL-6, IL-18, CRP, glucose and insulin blood samples were obtained at 8 a.m. Obese subjects had higher resting levels of IL-6, IL18, CRP and insulin than lean subjects, with no significant difference between active lean and inactive lean subjects at resting levels of inflammatory markers. However there was a significant difference in the resting levels of IL-18 between active and inactive obese subjects [t=-2.51 p=0.031], and also a significant difference in resting levels of IL-6, IL18, CRP, insulin and HOMA between inactive obese with active and inactive lean subjects, IL-18 having the strongest relationship with HOMA [r=0.54 p=0.001]. Results indicated that obesity is a stronger factor than inactivity for development of insulin resistance. On the other hand, activity has anti-inflammatory effects, and hence can decrease the effects of obesity, in the development of insulin resistance

[Effect of supplemental oxygen on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting in the patients after cesarean surgery under spinal anesthesia]

Nausea and vomiting are common complications after surgery occurring in 20-70 percent of total surgeries and depends on factors such as anesthesia method and hemodynamic status, oxygen concentration, pain, etc. In some studies use of higher concentrations of oxygen prior to surgery has resulted in decreased incidence of nausea and vomiting and in some other studies such results had not been verified. In the present study, the effects of supplemental oxygen has been assessed on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting in the patients after cesarean surgery under spinal anesthesia. This study was a randomized clinical trial and 122 women who were candidate for cesarean surgery were assigned randomly into intervention and control groups. Intervention group received 80 percent O2equivalent to 12 liter per minute, continuously during surgery and after surgery in recovery room, and alternatively 6 hours by use of ventury mask in the ward. The control group received 30 percent O2, equivalent to 3-5 liters per minute with a regular mask as a routine measure. The incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting was recorded during surgery, up to 6 hours after surgery, in the recovery room and in the postpartum ward. According to the results, the incidence of nausea during surgery showed no significant relationship but it showed a significant difference in the recovery room and at the postpartum ward in the intervention and control groups [p<0.01]. Incidence of vomiting during surgery and at the postpartum ward in the intervention and control groups had no significant difference but it revealed a significant difference in the recovery room [p<0.001]. There was a significant difference in the severity of nausea in the intervention and control groups during surgery, in recovery room and after 6 hours of surgery in the postpartum ward and the severity of nausea was higher in the control group [p<0.05]. This study demonstrated that supplemental oxygen therapy during and after surgery by spinal anesthesia technique was not effective for the prevention of nausea. There was only a significant statistical difference in the rate of vomiting in the recovery room between the two groups. Use of supplemental oxygen decreased the need for analgesic drugs in these patients

frequency of hearing loss etiology among deaf students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran, 2008-2009

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in human and has a profound economic and social impact in the modern world. The etiology of deafness can be due to genetic or non-genetic causes in origin. Genetics etiology of hearing loss is classified into syndromic and nonsyndromic. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of deafness in deaf students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran. Altogether, 265 patients with mild to profound hearing loss were contributed in this descriptive study. The subjects were deaf pupils from the schools of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. Age of the students was between 6 and 22 years. Medical history, pedigree information and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Each patient underwent general and otoscopic examinations and also pure-tone audiometery. Otoacoustic emissions, as well as auditory brainstem response testing were performed in patients suspected to neural hearing loss. Consanguineous marriages were detected in 67.2% of deaf families, from which first cousins marriage was the most common with the rate of 78.1% of overall consanguinity. Our study revealed that up to 98.8% of genetic deafness cases were in autosomal recessive mode. We found sensorineural hearing loss as a predominant type of deafness in 97.8% of the population studied. Moreover, hearing loss with genetic in origin was found as the most frequent deafness etiology with a rate of 60.8% and then acquired and idiopathic hearing loss are in next step, respectively. We found syndromic etiology in 4.2% of the students and ophthalmic problems were the most dysfunction accompanied with hearing loss. This data highlight the importance of consanguine marriage in the studied population. We found a very high rate [67.2%] of consanguine marriage, which can be the main cause of congenital deafness

Effects of local injection of bupivacaine and dexamethasone on postoperative pain of adenotonsillectomy

Adenotonsillectomy is a common surgical operation which is frequently associated with complications such as pain, hemorrhage and laryngospasm. For reduction of the possibility of postoperative bleeding and agitation, pain control is important. The opioid drugs are now being used for pain control, but their inconvenient side effects such as apnea may worry physicians. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of local application of bupivacaine and dexamethasone with that of placebo on postoperative pain of adenotonsillectomy. This double-blind and case-control study was performed on 90 patients subjected to tonsillectomy operation with 3-30 years old, during spring and summer of 2005 in Kashani hospital, Shahrekord, Iran. The patients were randomly divided into three equal groups of A, B and C. The individuals in group A [cases] received a local injection of 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine, group B received a local injection of and group C [control] received a local injection of 2 ml of normal saline. Six, 12 and 18 hours after the operation, using McGill questioners, pain intensity was evaluated. Data was analyzed using X[2] test. Mean age was not significantly different among the 3 groups. 45.6% of the patients were male and the rest were female. Six hours after the operation, pain intensity in group received bupivacaine was more than that of in group received placebo [p<0.05]. However, 12 and 18 hours after the operation there was no statistically significant difference in pain intensity among the groups. Bupivacaine and dexamethason with dosage used in this study had no effect on pain intensity in these patients

[Comparison of the effect of amoxicillin and ceftriaxone in treatment of acute otitis media in children under 6 years old]

Acut Otitis Media [AOM] is one of the most frequent diseases in children. Antibiotic therapy prevents the complications and decreases the period of the disease. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of a single dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral amoxicillin in treatment of this infection. This study was carried out on 160 children under 6 years suffering from AOM. They divided in two groups of 80s. The first group was treated with 50-80 mg/kg/day of oral amoxicillin for 10 days and the second group with a single dose [50 mg/kg] of intramuscular ceftriaxone. The patients were evaluated for responding to treatment with the antibiotics, 2 and 4 weeks after the first visit. Our results showed that 58.8% of patients were boys and 41.2% were girls and the efficacy of the two drugs were similar with%80 efficacy [p>0.05]. There was no significant relationship between risk factors and the resolution of the disease. Amoxicillin is as effective as ceftriaxone in the treatment of AMO. Therefore its vsage in the treatment of AOM is recemended

[Relationship between serous otitis media and its risk factors in primary school students in Shahrekord]

Serous otitis media is one of the main causes of hearing disorder in human and its serious complication is permanent hearing loss. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of serous otitis media in primary school students of Shahre-kord and to determine its relationship with allergy, family infancy feeding, birth weight, sinusitis, adenoid hypertrophy, gender, sex, age and the family size in these children. In this descriptive-analytical study, 1017 students [416 females and 518 males] were selected randomly and a questionnaire was filled for each one by the parents. Ear, nose and trout of each one were examined and suspected cases were referred to ENT specialist for further examinations. The prevalence of this disease was 1.5%. There was a significant relationship between the frequency of serous otitis media and allergy [p<0.05]. A significant relationship was also found between this disease and largeness of adenoid, family history of allergy as well as recent ear infection. Regarding the fact that, the history of allergy, as the most important predisposing factor for serous otitis media, has been found in 80% of the cases in this study, we suggest that tympanometry should be performed as a screening test, at least in patients with a history of allergy