Induction of DNA damage, apoptosis and micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes following injection of contrast media in patients with abdominal CT scan

Background: Medical diagnostic procedures such as X-ray and computed Tomography [CT] scan account for considerable percent of patient's exposure to ionizing radiation. The exposure of cells to Ionization radiation results in induction of DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Contrast media [CM] are widely used in diagnostic radiology and CT scan. The aim of this study was to study adverse genetic effects of combined administration of non ionic contrast media and low dose X-rays in peripheral blood Lymphocytes of patients following abdominal CT scan

Materials and Methods: A total of 55 patients underwent abdominal CT scan with injection of non ionic contrast media [30 patients with omnipaque 300 mg/ml and 25 patients with visipaque 270 mg/ml] as well as 13 patients undergoing abdominal CT scan [without contrast], selected as control group, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood leukocytes were obtained in heparin containing tubes and cultured for the micronucleus test, or were directly used for apoptosis and DNA damage with the neutral comet assay

Results: The frequency of micronuclei, apoptosis and percentage of DNA damage was increased in most patients after the injection of contrast media, significantly different from the control group as compared with the samples obtained before and after injection of contrast media [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The present study suggest that non ionic contrast media [omnipaque 300 mg/ml and visipaque 270 mg/ml] may cause a significant increase of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This effect might be caused by the enhancement of radiation dose by CM that eventually may lead to the manifestation of ill health such as cancer

Direct estimate of population attributable fraction of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: tehran glucose and lipid study

Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death and third place in disease burden in Iran. This study estimâtes population attributable fraction [PAF] of Cardiovascular risk factors in Tehran population. PAF is one of the important parameters of measuring population affect of risk factors and evaluating potentiel impact of preventive strategies in community level. In this study 5868 participants above 30 years old of Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS] were employed and 501 CVD events detected during 10 years follow-up. Direct estimate of adjusted PAFs using logistic regression which is one of less biased exist methods of PAF calculation were applied. Highest modifiable Cardiovascular risk factor PAFs, in sequence, was smoking [14.16%], hypertension [11.73%], diabètes [7.32%] hypercholesterolemia [6.85%] and central obesity [5.91%] for men, and hypertension [19.25%], diabètes [18.82%], central obesity [9.88%] and hypercholesterolemia [7.95%], for women. Also PAF of hazardous age and premature family history of CVD, as most important nonmodifiable CVD risk factors, were 36.09%, 1 6.61% and 3.95%, 7.56% for men and women respectively. According to the difference of risk factors PAFs ranking in men and women, it is suitable that CVD preventive interventions to be prioritized by sex separately. In this regard, besides special attention to control tobacco use in men, hypertension and diabètes in both sexes and high cholesterol in men and central obesity in women respectively, should be given in priority of preventive strategies

[Comparison of cytological findings of the buccal mucosa between smokers and non smokers]

In the past few years an alarming rise in the occurence of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma which now comprises 3% of all cancers in men and 2% of all cancers in women has been seen. Tobacco smoking is a single most well-known and important risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity. However, the pathogenesis, especially the initial changes brought about by smoking is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to compare cytological findings of apparently normal buccal mucosa among smokers and nonsmokers based on samples obtained by brush biopsy. Thirty-eight smokers and 42 nonsmokers, who did not show any conspicuous oral lesions were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. The specimens were taken from healthy and apparently normal buccal mucosa by a commercial cytobrush. Cytologic evaluation of biopsy specimens in terms of frequency of dysplasia/neoplasia, granular cells, binuclear cells, coarse chromatin, clear nucleus, apoptotic cells, pleomorphism in nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology was performed. Chi square test was used for comparison and analysis. Studied samples included 80 men [mean age, 40 years] in both groups. There was no dysplastic or neoplastic changes in any of the groups. Cytologic studies demonstrated that clear nucleus, coarse chromatin and the frequency of nuclear pleomorphism showed statistically significant differences between the two groups [P<01, P<001 and P<01 respectively]. Buccal mucosa of smokers showed some differences compared to samples from nonsmokers. However, the clinical significance of these changes is uncertain

[Oro-vulval-vaginal and peno-gingival syndromes: 4 case reports]

Regarding the importance and prevalence of lichen planus among patients and rarity of Oro-Vulval-Vaginal and Peno-Gingival syndromes, that need more attention for diagnosis because of simultaneous oral and genital involvement, we are going to review the symptoms and early diagnosis of these patients. The aim of this article is to report two patients with Oro-Vulval-Vaginal syndrome and two patients with Peno-Gingival syndrome with a short review on these syndromes and their treatments. This study is a case report four patients with these syndromes who attended oral medicine department. For each patient a complete document consisting of demographic information, medical, dental, familial and social history was prepared and a photograph was taken from the oral lesions at the first visit and for definite diagnosis of genital lesions consultation with Dermatologist and OB and GYN Surgeon was done.After biopsy and definite diagnosis simultaneous treatment for oral and genital lesions started. Regarding the severity of lesions and acceptable response to the primary treatment, type and dose of the drug was changed and finally the patients were placed in follow up phase. Regarding the outcome of neglecting Lichen Planus in other organs and delay in accurate diagnosis and lack of receiving enough and on time treatment, performing an exact examination and taking a complete history with attention to other organ's symptoms is of great importance. More over malignant changes in even asymptomatic oral and genital lesions is probable

[Validity of teeth width measurements on conventional versus 3D models]

For proper diagnosis of orthodontic problems of a patient, different measurements and analysis should be performed on dental cast. In recent years, due to introduction of paperless offices, 3D reconstruction methods and softwares are available in order to build virtual dental casts and measurements on them. The purpose of the present study was to compare the validity of teeth width measurements on conventional versus 3D models. In this diagnosis study, twenty set-ups of upper and lower casts using artificial teeth corresponding to various malocclusions were created. Impressions were taken of them providing 20 plaster models. The plaster models were scanned by laser surface scanner and the crown widths measured by its software. The gold standard was the teeth width measured by caliper before setting up the teeth. The mesiodistal crown width was also measured on casts as conventional method. The crown width was compared between the three methods by F test, ICC and Dahlberg formula. Coefficient of validity between measurements by 3D scanning and gold standard in overall teeth measurements [premolar to premolar] was 0.914. The mean difference between laser scanning method and gold standard was 1.7 mm and between conventional method and gold was 0.34 mm. In most of the measurements, the difference between mesiodistal crown width belonged to canines. The accuracy of laser surface scanning system was clinically acceptable and in the range of similar studies, but these is not enough for research purposes and it should be improved. In reference to advantages of computerized methods in near future, these methods will be the clinical standard for orthodontic diagnosis

[Review of routine therapeutic management of common oral lesions]

Since there are not specific pathogens for most of the intraoral lesions and there is not unique protocol for their therapies and also some of these drugs are not accessible in Iran, we decided to introduce the drugs most available and appropriate in our country. This study has been done by review discussion procedures. The articles were extracted from native, foreign and international journals, medline, books and theses. Whole part of therapies were considered in these articles. The following lesions were discussed in this study: 1- Primary and secondary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 2- Recurrent Aphthus stomatitis, 3- Lichen planus, 4-Candidiasis, 5- Burning sensation in oral cavity, 6- Xerostomia and 7- taste disorder. As we know there are several kinds of medications for each lesion, although most of them have side effects, and some of them can not be found in our country, we have tried to do our best to suggest appropriate drugs for each intraoral disorders

[Digital comparison of cephalometric standards between 9 to 11 year old Iranians and American Caucasions, after 2 years follow up with dentofacial planner software]

Nowadays cephalometric software have become very popular, but due to racial and ethnical difference in facial soft and hard tissue features the norms should be adapted for each nation. The purpose of this study was to establish soft and hard tissue data base for 9 to 11 years Iranian children and to compare it with Legan and Ricketts dentofacial planner plus norms for American Caucasians. This was a longitudinal descriptive study on 60 cephalograms of normal 9-11 years Iranian children in city of Qazvin. They were selected as normal occlusion cases according to Moyer's. The cephalograms were scanned and 13 landmarks for Legan soft tissue and 32 landmarks for Ricketts hard tissue analysis were digitized. Then by means of Dentofacial planner plus 11 measurements were calculated for each age group [20 in each age 9, 10, 11 years]. The mean for each landmark was compared to American Caucasian norms in the databank by Paired t test. Nine years old Iranian girls had more facial convexity, nasolabial angle, upper and lower lip protrusion and height of midface but their lower face height was less. In boys, middle face height was the same as American's and nasolabial angle differed less. In 11 year old girls the difference between lower face height and lip protrusion became less, boy's nasolabial angle was more than American's. Significant differences were present in soft and hard tissue norms of Iranian's in comparison to American Caucasions. Iranian data base for cephalometric norms should he established

Use of meta-anaglysis to determining the associated factors of an outbreak occurred in the summer 2005 in Iran

According to the report of Iranian Center of Disease Control, in the summer of 2005 an outbreak of cholera [Inaba serotype] occurred in Iran. The outbreak lasted the mid of September. The aim of this study was to use the result of different studies performed during this period to determine source of infection. This is a meta-analysis study, which studies performed in Qum, Arak, Karaj, Golestan and Ghazvin were eligible. All of these studies were case control ones performed during the August 2005. The total of cases were 531 Pooled odds ratios was used to estimate by fixed and random method. All computations were performed by Stata 8 software. The estimated pooled odds ratios resulted from 5 differemt studies were used in the meta-analysis as the following: travelling [1.64; 95% CI: 0.98-1.88], non-pasteurized ice cream [0.88; 95%CI: 0.48-1.61], post toilet hand washing [3.72; 95% CI: 0.86-16.05], eating meal outside home [2.38; 95% CI: 1.46-3.90], raw fruit eating [0.98; 95% CI: 0.42-2.18] and raw vegetables use [5.36; 95%CI: 2.4-12]. According to the results of this study raw vegetable use and having meal outside home were significantly associated to the cholera in mentioned provinc

[Evaluating the effect of reference line on interpretation of cephalometric analysis]

Natural head position [NHP] is a standard and reproducible position and its short term reproducibility has been reported to be much lower than standard deviation of extra-cranial lines. Due to racial and ethnical differences in cephalometric measurements this study was carried out to compare the variations of extra-cranial reference lines to true vertical line among Iranian people while registration was in NHP. This was a diagnostic study conducted on 60 dentistry students aged between 19-29 years [females: 22.50 +/- 2.76 males: 23.45 +/- 2.94 30 each]. The exclusion criteria were heriditary and acquired dentofacial disorders, facial malformations, history of orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery, TMD and neck musculopathies. All types of occlusions were included. Lateral cephalograms were taken from each individual in NHP by means of a mirror in the same device and by one single operator. Also, a photograph by the same device was taken to register soft tissue Frankfurt. The angles between the SN, BaNa, and soft and hard tissue FH to true horizontal were measured. Mean SD and SE of each angle, their correlation, and also determination coefficient regarding each line were calculated. The differences between the paired angles were evaluated by paired t test. Findings: The lowest SD and SE was associated with SN [SE: 0.051, SD: 3.86] and the highest related to BaNa [SE: 0.51, SD: 4.53]. The lowest correlation coefficient was associated with the soft and hard tissue Frankfort plane compared to horizontal line [r2=0.39, p<0.003, r=0.015]. The highest correlation was observed between BaNa and SN compared to true horizontal line [r=0.086, p<0.000, r=0.079]. Diagnosis of dentofacial disorders using extra-cranial reference lines will be more reliable if NHP is registered accurately

Comparison of the effect of sugarfree orbit chewing gum and natural turpentine on salivary flow rate and pH

Medications, systemic diseases, head and neck radiotherapy and mental stress reduce the salivary flow rate and dispose one to dental caries and oral disease. There are different ways to compensate reduction of salivary flow rate such as sour c and ies, lemon, special stimulating sprays or lacques and chewing gums. Many factories such as Wrigly factory producing chewing gums claim to reduce caries rate by increasing salivary flow pH and after chewing their product. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of sugarfree Orbit chewing gum and natural turpentine on the salivary flow rate and pH. This single blind r and omized clinical trial was accomplished on 16 dental students of Shaheed Beheshti University in 1383 using a cross - over method. The samples were selected by simple non - r and omized method divided into two groups, A and B each including eight persons. The saliva of all samples were collected 5 minutes after eating 2 sweet biscuits by active method during 10 minutes. Then the volume of collected saliva was measured and immediately the pH was determined by a calibrated pH meter. After 72h wash out period, on the 3rd day two biscuits were given to all of the samples and after 5 minutes 14 grams of sugarfree Orbit gum was given to samples of group B, the amount of saliva collected during 10 minutes measured, and the pH was resigtered. Again, after 72 h washed out period, on the 3rd day, two biscuits were given to all of the samples and after 5 minutes 14 grams of sugarfree Orbit was given to members of group B and equal amount of Turpentine to members of group A during 10 minutes of chewing. The amount of saliva and its pH was measured and registered again. The data were analyzed with sphericity and Friedman tests. The mean saliva flow rate after having the biscuits, chewing the gum and Turpentine was 5.0 +/- 0.8 ml, 15.8 +/- 1.0 ml, 13.7 +/- 1.3 ml, respectively. The difference among three groups was statistically significant [P<0.005]. The mean salivary pH at the beginning was 5.8 +/- 0.6 and after using gum and turpentine turned to 7.4 +/- 0.5 and 7.1 +/- 0.3. All of these amounts had a statistically significant difference [P<0.001]. Sugarfree Orbit chewing gum causes increase of saliva flow rate and its pH. Therefore, preventing the mouth diseases, caused by Xerostomia and teeth diseases

clinical efficacy of QAC [micro 10 and Deconex 53 Plus] on contaminated dental instruments

[Micro 10] and [Deconex 53 plus] are current samples of new QAC generation. Although these compounds have been widely evaluated, there are still some doubts about their disinfecting power. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical efficiency of Micro 10 and Deconex 53 plus. In this single blinded study, the microorganisms' suspension was prepared according to AOAC guidelines [containing standard and resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureous, salmonella typhi muriom, bacillus subtillis, mycobacterium bovis, trichophyton menta grophit]. The instruments [syringes] were contaminated using a sampler and the above mentioned suspension. After cleaning and disinfecting the instruments according to manufacture's instructions, samples were collected for cultivation and incubation. The colony formation units were observed and data was analyzed using fisher's exact, chi square and Mann Whitney tests in order to identify the group differences and significance levels. Micro 10 5% and Deconex 53 plus 2% had similar bactericidal effect on pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureous, salmonella typhimuriom and fungicidal effect on trichopyton menta grophit with no significant difference compared to autoclave. However, in comparison with Deconex 53 plus 2% and autoclave, the Micro 10 5% showed significant effect against bacillus subtilis and mycobacterium bovis [P < 0.001]. Deconex 53 plus can be classified as an intermediate level disinfectant

ways of research promotion in Sina educational-medical hospital

The objective of this study is to clarify the opinions of scientific board members of Sina university hospital about medical research and the ways of promoting these researches. This is a grounded theory study in which we used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Scientific board members and different authorities of the hospital such as the chief of hospital and the deputy of education were participated in the study. We used three different FGDs. Each group included about 5 people. We also interviewed the chief, the deputy of education and the head of clinical research center of the hospital. Most of the participants in our FGDs believed that the most important factor for research promotion in the hospital was preparation of a data base of patients. They also mentioned that, different research workshops are important for empowering scientific board members in research. According to our study the most important strategies for research promotion in Sina hospital are data bank preparation, providing repeated research workshops, revising the bureaucratic process of proposal approvals, revising the manner of evaluation of scientific board members and more participation of the department of epidemiology in clinical researches

Longitudinal cephalometric study of mandibular growth in Qazvin children with normal occlusion

During growth and development, mandible may have a protrusive or retrusive rotation in relation to cranial base which may cause different types of malocclusion. On the basis of cephalocaudal growth pattern, mandibular growth potential is higher than the other craniofacial counterparts and hence, the evaluation of its normal pattern is critical. To assess the mandibular growth in 9-11-year Iranian children with normal occlusion in Qazvin. This was a longitudinal descriptive study on mandibular growth of sixty [20 ineach age] with normal occlusion in Qazvin city. The cases were selected by means of stratified random sampling and were followed for an average of 607.5 days. Mandibular structures and SN plan were traced from two cephalograms superimposed by Athanasiou's method. Nine landmarks and four measurements were identified and further calculations on their mean, SD and mean differences were made. Statistical analyses including T-test, ANOVA and MANOVA were used to evaluate gender and age differences within and between groups. In all samples mandible rotated forward, changes of gonial angle was negligible and maximum horizontal and vertical changes occurred in condylion, and articular. In 9- to 11-year old children the growth increments were statistically significant during the two-year period. The only difference between genders was in growth of articular and condylion