Flocculation of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn during estuarine mixing [Caspian Sea]

During estuarine mixing of fresh water with saline water and due to the flocculation process, a portion of dissolved metals come into particulate phase, and the dissolved load decreases. This process plays an important role in self-purification of heavy metals in rivers. In this study, flocculation of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn during mixing of Cheshme-Kileh River water with Caspian Sea water has been investigated. Salinity and electrical conductivity are the governing factors for the flocculation of Mn and Cu. Zn and Ni are governed by pH. Dissolved oxygen is a governing factor for the flocculation of Pb. Rapid flocculation occurs in the earlier stages of mixing. The final flocculation rates of metals are in the following order: Mn [68.79%] > Pb [45.45%] > Ni [26.32%] > Cu [23.08%] > Zn [21.21%]. In addition, electro-flocculation [EF] is investigated. The results reveal that EF had adverse effect on flocculation rates of heavy metals. General pattern of EF of metals is like the following: Mn [57.89%] > Pb [40.9%] > Cu [23.08% > Ni [22.37%] > Zn [15.15%]. Furthermore, the effect of decreasing pH level on flocculation of heavy metals is studied. Except for Mn, decreasing the pH increased the flocculation rates of heavy metals. Maximum flocculation of Ni, Cu, Pb, and Zn occur at pH about 7.5. Due to the flocculation of trace metals during the estuarine mixing about 51.6, 7.8, 5.5, 3.9, and 3.6 ton/year of Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu, respectively, are removed from the river water

Insertion techniques of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in head and neck cancer patients

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG] has become the most common method of providing enteral nutrition, PEG is usually a safe and easy procedure; however it might be difficult or impossible to introduce the flexible oesophago-gastroscope and the feeding tube in head and neck cancer cases. Authors reviewed in the literature the various insertion techniques to overcome difficulties faced during PEG procedure in head and neck cancer and presented a case of their own