Urinary oxalate, citrate, and gamma glutamyl transferase alterations after administration of Cynodon dactylon extract in cats

Urinary oxalate and citrate are the key factors in caox urolithiasis of cats and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase is a good test for assessment of kidney damage. Favorable effects of Cynodon dactylon on calcium oxalate stone formation have recently been proved in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the alteration of urinary oxalate, citrate, and GGT after administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of Cynodon dactylon to experimental hyperoxaluric cats. No scientific study has been done so far to demonstrate the beneficial effect of this plant in cats. 13 mature male cats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A received standard diet and drinking water while, group B and C also received ethylene glycol at sub-toxic dose [130 mg/kg] daily for 30 days. Group C received hydroalcoholic extract of C.dactylon [400 mg/kg] from day 0 to 30, as well. Urine samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 30 and were analyzed for oxalate, citrate, and GGT levels. Urine oxalate level in group B was significantly higher than group C on days 15 and 30. Urinary citrate excretion was significantly higher in group C compared to the other groups on day 15; however, it decreased during the entire experiment in groups B and C. Urinary Gamma Glutamyl Transferase level was increased in hyperoxaluric cats and decreased in the treated group during the experiment. Based on our results, C.dactylon extract could reduce the hyperoxaluria and has beneficial effects on preventing the renal damage in cats. Such findings provide a scientific explanation for applying C.dactylon in prevention and possible treatment of CaOx kidney stones in cats and humans

study on risk factors of wsd outbreak in choubdeh - abadadan shrimp farming site in 2010

White spot, as one of the infectious viral diseases, has made severe losses in shrimp ponds all over the world. Despite extensive efforts made to deal with and control the disease, white spot continues to be a major health problem in shrimp farms across Iran. In this work, the significance of the risk factors of white spot disease epidemic occurred in shrimp ponds of Choubdeh farming site in Khuzestan province of Iran is determined. A cross sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2010, to September 22, 2010 in 223 shrimp ponds of the site. Data was collected on 17 variables, thought to be associated with the occurrence and epidemic of white spot, with the aid of the shrimp ponds owners and fisheries and veterinary organizations. The occurrence of white spot disease in the farming site was determined by clinical symptoms and the results of conventional PCR tests, the effectiveness of the risk factors was established by odds ratio [OR]. It is found that poor management of birds fighting [OR=3.72], less educated farm foreman [OR=3.29] and poor filtration of the intake water [OR= 3.43] are significantly affected the occurrence of the disease while little changes in the salinity of shrimp ponds [OR =0.1 6] decreases the odds of the disease. These findings help better develop shrimp farming across Iran, especially in Khuzestan province

Immunotherapy using autoclaved L. major antigens and M. vaccae with Meglumine antimoniate, for the treatment of experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis

To evaluate immunotherapy against canine visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania major antigen and heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae [SRL172] were used as stimulators of immune defense mechanisms and the results were compared with standard chemotherapy meglumine antimoniate. Nineteen mongrel dogs aging 1-3 years old were used in this experiment. Infection was carried out in 15 out of 19 dogs using L. infantum, isolated from a naturally infected poly-symptomatic dog. All the cases showed positive serologic results by direct agglutination test during 30-60 days following inoculation. In the first group, which was under chemotherapy [Glucantime [R]], one of the members showed recurrence of the disease despite rapid effect of the therapeutic protocol. Immunotherapy using SRL 172 caused complete cleaning of the parasite in group 2, but the speed was less than Glucantime. Immunotherapy using L. major antigen combined M. vaccae in group 3 and combine administration of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in group 4 both were with relapsing of one case in each group. Group 5 and 6 were consisted of positive and negative control dogs, respectively. immunotherapy seems to be an adjuvant in treatment of canine leishmaniasis but it needs more investigation for final confirmation

Evaluation of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus using comparative PCR-RFLP methods

In order to deworm the ruminants especially of sheep in Iran, consumption of benzimidazoles has more than 2 decades history and today farmers are using imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones and mostly benzimidazole compounds [BZs] to treat infected farm animals. It has been demonstrated that the most common molecular mechanism leading to BZ sresistance in Haemonchus contortus is a single mutation at amino acid 200 [phenylalanine to tyrosine] of the isotype 1 of beta tubulin gene. According to the report of such mutations in Iranian Teladorsagia circumcincta isolates with Restriction Site Created PCR-RFLP, we decided to evaluate the frequency of such mutations in H. contortus in three different geographical areas of Iran. A total of 102 collected adult male H. contortus were evaluated with PCR-RFLP [using PSP1406I as restriction enzyme]. By means of a second step to compare function of different methods and to increase sensitivity of detection mechanism, a third of samples were examined by another PCR-RFLP method [using TaaI as restriction enzyme] and finally beta tubulin gene of two samples was sequenced. All of samples were detected as BZss homozygote. Finally, beta tubulin gene sequencing of two samples showed no point mutation at codon 200. It seems that BZ resistance of H. contortus in Iran is not a serious problem as anticipated before

survey on the bovine amphistomiasis in Mazanderan province, north of Iran

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and intensity of amphistomiasis in native cattle and mixed breed Holstein from Mazanderan province, in the north of Iran in association with sex, age, breed and season. During the 4 seasons of 2008, at meat inspection the rumen and reticulum of 132 native cattle and 104 mixed breed were examined by naked eye for amphistomiasis. All amphistomes found in each cattle were collected separately and preserved in 70% alcohol containing 5% glycerin for further studies. Our findings revealed the overall prevalence rate and Mean +/- SE of intensity 33.9% and 864.4 +/- 127.2 amphistomes per animal, 40.9% and 1012.5 +/- 179.4 in native cattle, and 25% and 557.42 +/- 99.9 in mixed breeds, respectively. A few amphistomes were collected from the reticulum of a native cattle. There was no significant relation between the intensity of the infection and the breed [P=0.094], whereas the relation between breed and the prevalence of infection [P=0.0103], and that of age and the infection [P=0.016] were significant. The older group [5

Evaluation of protective effects of nano-formulated silymarin against UV radiation on guinea pig skin

As increased outdoor activities of people, they are more exposed to UV radiation, which causes harmful effects on skin. Silymarin has protective potentials against DNA damage and non-melanoma skin cancers, and also it has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation characteristics. Nano formulation of plant material showed to be more effective than common ones. In present study, nano-formulated silymarin was used in a cream, and its effects were investigated against destructive effects of UV rays. Methods: Silymarin standardized extract was prepared, nano formulated in cream base, and applied to skin of the animals. Four groups of animals [n=15] were examined; Group 1; without any treatment [control], Group 2; Vaseline, Group 3; nano-formulated silymarin extract cream, and Group 4; silymarin-carnosine. UV was radiated on the shaved area of the four groups for 45 minutes with dose of 180 mJ/cm2. Dermal scaling, skin irregularity, erythema, skin hyperpigmentation, and edema were evaluated in animals. Histopathological observation was done on the skin samples of the animals. silymarin nano-formulation was effective in decreasing both physical damages and histopathological injuries significantly. from the observed results, it can be concluded that the cream containing nanoformulated silymarin can prevent UV radiation lesions better than pure silymarin

Helminth infections of stray dogs from Garmsar, Semnan province, central Iran

The aim was to study the gastro-intestinal helminths of stray dogs of Garmsar, Semnan Province, Central Iran, and its impacts on human health and animal production. During 2006, the alimentary tracts of 50 stray dogs at necropsy, selected from villages around Garmsar, were removed, and examined for helminth infections. Subsequently helminths were collected from the contents of each part and scraped sample of small intestines of washed materials in a 100-mesh sieve. To identify the species of helminths, the nematodes were cleared in lactophenol and cestodes were stained using carmine acid. Mixed infection was the rule and 40 dogs [80%] harbored more than one species of helminth. Taenia hydatigena was the most prevalent species [80%] followed by Echinococcus granulosus [64%], Toxocara canis [22%], Mesocestoides lineatus [12%], Taenia multiceps [10%] and Dipylidium canium [4%]. The mean intensity of worm infection was low [1-3] except for that of E.granulosus [645]. No significant difference was noticed between sex, age and most helminth infections except for that of sex and T. hydatigena [P=0.001] as well as age and T.canis [P=0.001]. Although human infection with T. hydatigena is unlikely, but other helminths reported in this study are of zoonotic importance, and may pose a threat to community health, and reduce the productions of ruminants harboring taeniid metacestodes

[Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus in ruminant during 2005-2006 in Iran]

Foot and mouth disease [FMD] is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminant which causes fever and postule on mouth, hoof and teat. The main purpose of this study was to determine and charachtrize isolated FMD virus from Iran between 2005-2006, and to compare it with vaccine virus strains. After preparation of samples, serological test for typing of virus was performed. In order to virus isolation. the samples were inoculated to IBRS2 cell, RT-PCR and PCR were used for sequencing. Two dimentional virus neutralization test was carried out for detecting of immunological relationship [r value] between the field isolate and virus presented in vaccine. Detected strains were as follows: 241 samples of type AO5IR, 125 of type A87IR, 79 of type 0.3 of type Asia and 714 negative out of 1162 samples. Average r-values of type A, 0, Asia field virus with vaccine strains were 50-92% and 97%, respectively. Phylogenic tree was designed according to the nucleic acid sequencing data. There is not strong relationship between field viruses of type A and vaccine viruses. However a strong relationship was shown for type 0 and Asia ones with vaccine virus strains

[ survey on the para-influenza type 3 infection in buffalo calves the Ahvaz city]

Para-Influenza type 3 virus is one of the most important respiratory system pathogens in cattle and buffalo which causese economical losses in cattle and buffalo raising industries. The aim of this study was to determine the PI3 frequency rate in buffalo calves in Khuzestan tropical area and detect the associated factors, one hundred two serum samples were obtained from buffalo calves in winter, spring and fall seasons of 2004 in Ahvaz city. Virus detection test, serum neutralizing test were performed on the samples. Statistical analysis was performed to show the relationship between disease and season, sex, and age. Among 102 samples fifty [49%] were positive for SN test. In spring 97.1%, in fall 7.5% and in winter 48.1% of cases was positive [p<0.001]a many cases 45% were male and 45.0% were male and 54.8% were female [p=0.441], age of 22.4% of cases were less than 12 months old and all the 12 months old cases were positive [p<0.001]. Prevalence of antibody against Para Influenza Type 3 was 49% in buffalo calves in Ahvaz as a tropical area. According to economic losses, administrators' more attentions and further researches are necessary

[ study of rabies and the frequency of animal bites in the province of Ilam, 1994-2004]

Rabies is one of the oldest and most lethal zoonoses in the world. Cases have been reported from most provinces of Iran, involving both domestic and wild animals. This study aimed to define the epidemiology of rabies in human and animal populations in the western province of Ilam and was conducted in all of the 7 cities of the province. In this descriptive study we recorded data on the number of the persons bitten by animals, geographical location, age category, occupation and professional relationships, pre-exposure prophylaxis, treatment for rabies, conditions of the injured organs, and the mortality rate. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software package. There were 4 human deaths from rabies in this province [2 men and 2 women]; three of these cases had been bitten by dogs and the remaining one by a cat. The mean age of these people was 25.2 years [SD=15.3y]. A total of 2431 people had been bitten by animals over the preceding 10 years. Most such injuries happened in the 10-29y age group and the frequency was greater for males [P<0.01]. About 64% of all cases had been reported from rural areas, and the greatest number of injuries occurred in winter and spring. The most common sites of injury were hands and feet [88.5%], trunk and the cervical region [9.3%] and head/ face [2.2%]. The increasing number of stray dogs and the movement of dogs and wild animals into cities and villages are important factors in the transmission of rabies. More research needs to be done on the eco-epidemiology of the disease in different cities of Ilam

Study on gastrointestinal helminthes of domestic dogs in Shiraz

Gastrointestinal helminthes in domestic dogs in Shiraz and the effect of age, sex, anthihelminth drugs, use of dog [pet or guard] and food on the infection rate were studied in 105 fecal samples. Samples were collected directly from the rectum and examined by floatation method. Data was analyzed by Chi square test and Fisher's exact test. No significant differences were found in male and female dogs and also different age groups. Higher infection rate was observed in guard dogs in comparison with pet dogs. The infection rate was higher in dogs feeding on viscera or uncooked food. The awareness of owner's about the zoonotic helminthes infection was unsatisfactory. However according to risk of communicable helminthes educational programs for owners are strictly recommended

Comparision of the validity of different diagnostic methods in determining ghlo infections in cats

The aim of the present study was to compare different diagnostic methods in the determination of gastric helicobacter infection. 30 healthy stray and 27 domestic cats. were studied The procedure involved taking biopsy samples from antrum and body by pediatric gastroscope in off feed animals. Diagnosis of gastric helicobacter infection by cytology, rapid urease test, histopathology and PCR was also conducted. In all diagnostic methods, helicobacter infection was found to be more prevalent in domestic cats than the stray ones. None of the cats were infected with H. pylori and most of them had mixed infections with H. felis and H. heilmanii. Sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic methods in comparison with PCR were 93 and 44%, respectively in rapid urease test, 97 and 92% respectively in histopathology and 98 and 94%, respectively in cytology. Based on result of the study most of the cats may be infected with helicobacter spp without any significant clinical signs. Cytology was the most simple and fastest screening methods in the diagnosis of helicobacter infection. With respect to morphologic similarities of H. felis and H. heilmanii and inability to culture H. heilmanii, PCR can be considered as one of the best methods in the identification of infecting helicobacter strains in cats

Identification of the foot and mouth disease foci from susceptible foci in Khorasan Razavi province

This study was conducted in Khorasan-Razavi during 23 months [since February 2004 to December 2005]. The samples [83 samples] of suspected farms were collected from tongue and mouth epithelium and tested by indirect sandwich ELISA and RT-PCR. During the study, twelve foci during the year 2004 and 23 foci during the year 2005[up to December] were approved. Maximum distribution of FMD foci was observed in spring [63%]. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Chi- square tests were carried out for data analysis. Attention was paid to frequent traffic of farm in springs since there is an increase of the disease in this season. There was no correlation between the sheep density and the disease must be account in cattle. However, with respect to considerable sheep population in Iran and its role in persistence of the virus, the vaccination of sheep seems to be essential for the control of FMD

case series study on clinical and epidemiologic aspects of Kala azar in patients referred to the children's medical center since 1991 to 2003

Kala azar is a parasitic disease which belongs to the category of metazoonoses [a communicable disease which requires at cost to an invertebrate host], In Iran canines are major reservoir for it and most of patients are 6 months to 2 years old. The aim of this study was evaluation of the clinical end epidemiologic aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in patients visiting the Children Medical Center over the 12 past years. This study used the hospital records of a case series of 106 kala azar patients hospitalized in the Children's Medical Center between 1 991 and 2001. We extracted and analyzed data on geographical location, background factors, clinical and laboratory findings, response to treatment and Glucantime[R] side effects. The greatest number of cases was seen in 1992 and the smallest number in 1993 and 2003; the number of cases peaked in the spring. Most patients referred to the Center are aged 1 to 4 years, end there is a strong preponderance of males 82.1% vs 17.9%]. The majority of these children come from families in which the breadwinner was a peasants or a laborer. Common laboratory findings included anemia, rising ESR titers and thrombocytopenia. The most striking clinical signs and symptoms were fever, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Eighty-three percent of the patients had shown clinical improvement, 1.9% had died and 15.1% had relapsed. Moreover, in 52.8% of cases, the disease was treated successfully with within 2 weeks; The incidence of Glucantim[R] side effects was low. The cities of Khorramabod, Karaj and Saveh had produced the greatest numbers of cases. Compared to other studies, our case series showed a higher proportion of male patients and a somewhat different clinical and laboratory profile. However, the most important achievement of this study was identification of major endemic foci in Ardabil province, northwestern parts of Ghom province. Khorrornabad, and regions located south of the Alborz Mountains [e.g. Saveh]

[Aflatoxin M1 and iranian white cheese]

To determine the levels of aflatoxin M1 [AFM1] in produced cheeses by different plants in province of Tehran. Cross-sectional study. Eighty cheese samples. Chromatography was used for determining the presence of AFM1. one- way analysis of variance and Tukey test. AFM1 was found in 83.8% out of 80 cheese samples. The range of contamination levels varied among different months. AFM1 in June, September, December, and March ranged from 197 to 1423, 177 to 1274, 179 to 1506 and 219 to 2918 ng/kg, respectively. however, the mean values were 549.7, 503.9, 602.1 and 749.6 ng/ kg, respectively. Moreover, the highest mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 [AFM1] was registered in samples March [2918 ng/kg]. The lowest mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 was registred in samples of September [177 ng/ kg ]. Statistical evaluation showed that there were no significant differences [P>0.05] among the mean concentration of AFM1 in cheese samples of June, September, December and March. However, mean concentrations of AFM1 in cheese samples of spring and summer was significantly lower than autumn and winter [P=0.004]. It can be concluded that the high occurrence of AFM1 in cheese is probably due to the presence of aflatoxin in the feed. This condition should be considered as a probable hazard for human health

Epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in dogs referred to the small animal hospital,faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Tehran

To determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and gindivitis and their relationships with probable influencine, University of Tehran,Iran.[1992-2000]. Case series. 300 dogs were Used in the Study. Animals with 6 months of age and older include in this study. Factors like: age, diet, content of bone in the diet [hardness of diet] and occlusion conformation were recorded in each animal. Based on oral examinations and factors like: dental calculus, depth of gingival sulcus, dental mobility and loosing teeth, the gingival status of the dogs were determined as: healthy, gingivitis [primary and irreversible lesions] and periodontitis [irreversible and advance cases]. Chi-square test and the frequencies in percent. The frequency rate of gingivitis and periodontitis in the study were 24% and 12% respectively. Age and occlusion conformation had not any significant influence on disease progression. Small breeds had a higher tendency for the dental problems [gingivitis=32.8% and perodontitis=24.8%] in comparison with larger breeds [gingivitis=19.2% and perodontitis=0.9%]. Periodontal disease was more common in older animals in a manner that none of the animals over 5 years old had healthy gingiva. Furthermore the dogs that had access to bone in their diets had lesser periodontal problems [jealthy gingiva=79.9%]. dental calculus deposits were more abundant and gingival sulcus was deeper in maxillary forth premolars and first molars teeth but mobility and loosing problems were more common in incisors. With respect to results of this study periodontal disease was common in dogs referred to small animal hospital, faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran. Therefore, especial attebtion should be paid to the oral hygiene situation and dog's especially small breeds and older animals should be fed with a diet sufficient of hard material

Seroprevalence and bacteriological study of canine leptospirosis in Tehran and its suburban areas

To determine the seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in Tehran and its suburban areas, 300 blood samples were collected from dogs referred to the Small Animal Teaching Hospital of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tehran, Iran, between October 1998 and October 2000. Following separation of sera, they were kept at -30 °C until the time of laboratory examinations at Razi Institute. All referral cases were selected from the non-vaccinated dogs against leptospirosis. They were 3 months to 11 years old. All of the sera were examined by microscopic agglutination test [MAT] and indirect fluorescent antibody [IFA] techniques in serial two-fold serum dilutions from 1:50 to 1:1600. A titer of 1:100 or more was considered positive. All sera were examined against 16 serogroups of live leptospiral antigens as recommended by world health organization [WHO]. Seroepidemiological analysis in this study indicated that 93 out of 300 [31.0%] serum samples were positive against one, two or three leptospiral serogroups of canicola [9.0%], icterohaemorrhagiae [5.7%], grippotyphosa [3.7%], canicola+grippotyphosa [3.3%], canicola+icterohaemorrhagiae [3.0%], grippotyphosa+icterohaemorrhagiae [0.7%] and canicola+icterohaemorrhagiae+grippotyphosa [5.7%] using MAT at a titer of 1:100 or more. No leptospiral organism was isolated from 93 urine samples of reacted dogs in this study. Seventeen out of 93 [18.3%] reacted dogs showed clinical symptoms of leptospirosis. The rate of positive reaction was 36.9% [31 out of 84] in farmer dogs and 31.0% [67 out of 216] in urban dogs. The rate of positive reaction was 42.3% [60 out of 142] in male and 34.4% [54 out of 158] in female dogs. The statistical analysis using McNemar test, however showed no significant difference between urban and farmer as well as between male and female dogs in this study [p=0.076]. The prevalence rate of reacted dogs examined by IFA technique at 1:100 dilution of serum samples was 34.3% [103 out of 300]. The same rate using MAT was 31.0% [93 out of 300]. The proportion of reacted dogs examined by IFA technique was the same as that examined by MAT at a titer of 1:400 or more. If MAT is considered as the gold standard test for diagnosis of leptospirosis, then the IFA at a titer of 1:100 or more would have a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 92%, a false positive rate of 8% and a false negative rate of 5%. In conclusion, with the given sensitivity and specificity of IFA technique, we suggest it as a supportive diagnostic procedure to be used for detection of canine leptospirosis in the field. To prevent and control of canine leptospirosis as a potential zoonotic disease in Iran, use of potent vaccines against the three major serogroups of canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa in all urban [pet] and farmer [shepherd] dogs older than 3 months is highly recommended

[Normal wlues of intraocular pressure in stray cats by using Schiotz tonometry and it's comparison after induction of anesthesia with ketamine and acepromazine]

Objective: comparison of intraocular pressure alternations measured by Schiotz tonometry before and after induction of anesthezia by ketamine and acepromazine in stray cats. The effects of factors like age, sex and iris color on intraocular pressure were also studied

Design: uncontrolled clinical trial

Animals: hundred stray cats were used in the study

Material and methods: hundred stray cats were collected from different portions of Tehran by a special cage designed to do this. To improve the accuracy of data in each case measurement was performed three times and it's average was recorded as IOP in that animal. Furthermore, because in many clinical examinations especially when the animal suffer from pain due to glaucoma use of anesthesia is obligatory and to assess the effect of anesthesia on IOP, all of the cats were anesthetized by ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine in traditional doses and IOPs were measured again in this situation

Statistical analysis: in this study statistical analysis were performed by independent t test, paired t test, one way ANOVA and tookey as complementary test

Results: in this study, the mean of IOP was 17.5 +/- 0.46 mmHg. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that sex and color of iris had no significant effect in IOP, but in respect to age based on statistical ANOVA test, the difference was significant. Younger animals had higher values of IOP compared with older cats. Beside this, the results of this study showed that anesthesia with ketamine and acepromazine in cats can lead to increase in IOP and x =[y-0.743/1.021] formula, as an index, can be used for IOP determination in situations that anesthesia performance is obligatory [x = corrected IOP value before anesthesia induction, y = acquired IOP value after anesthesia]

Discussion: from the factors evaluated in this study, just age had a significant influence on IOP. Beside this for determination of glaucoma especially when use of ketamine and acepromazine are obligatory and there is considerable pain in the patient and physical restraint is impossible, this could lead in increase of IOP in affected animals. To evaluate IOP properly in this conditions use of correction coefficients could be helpful

[Determination of nitrite residues in meat products marketed in Iran by spectrophotometric method]

Objective: determination of Nihite residues in different types and brands of meat products in order to assessment for setting up the standards and measures for this preservative in Iran

Design: descriptive, analytical study based on random sampling

Number of samples: a total of 250 meat product samples from [Sausages]

Procedure: meat product samples [Sausages] produced by factories in Iran, selected randomly and the nitrite residues were analyzed in all samples by spectrophotomehic method

Statistical analysis: means and standard errors nitrite residues were determined and then analyzed by one-way analysis of variance method

Results: the results of the experiments on the different types and brands of meat products showed that level of nitrite residues were between 1-108 p.p.m and according to one-way analysis of variance differences between the means of nitrite residues in red meat Sausages were higher than the other meat products [P<0.05], and these residues in red meat garlic sausages were lower than the other meat products [P<0.05], while the lowest values were found in red meat garlic sausages [P<0.05]. There weren't significant differences between the values of poultry sausages and poultry garlic sausages

Conclusion: this survey showed that nitrite residues on the different types and brands of meat products is up to 60 p.p.m in some cases which indicate the high level of nitrite residues. Concerning this result, the need for setting up the standards and measures for this preservative and regular control of the meat products is emphasized

[Evaluation of the immunogenecity of endemic Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from poultry in Iran]

Objective: evaluation of the efficacy of inactivated monovalent and polyvalent vaccines prepared from E. coli serotypes in poultry in Iran

Design: randomized completely Design

Animals: three hundred sixty Arian broiler chicks

Procedure: in this study monovalent vaccines 078:K80 and polyvalent vaccine were prepared, using native and virulent E.coli serotypes of O78:K80, O128: K67, O2:K1, O124:K82, O119:B14 and appropriate adjuvant ALK [SO4]2.12H2O and KOH. Three hundred sixty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment and one control groups. Birds in each group were injected with 0.5 ml [1.5 x 10[9]] of one of four prepared vaccines by subcutaneous administration in second week and intramuscular administration in third and fourth weeks of age. Before challenge serum antibody titers were measured by the tube and slide agglutination test. Ten days after the last vaccination chicks were challenged with virulent strain of O78:K80, O2:K1 and O128:K67 E. coli serotypes

Statistical analysis: analysis of variance and Scheffe's test

Results: more than 95 percent of chickens in control group showed colibacillosis and 70% of them were died after challenge with O78:K80, while in vaccinated groups just 3.7 % mortality was observed. Live and dead challenged chicks of control group had typical lesions of colibacillosis. No adverse effects were noted on growth rate that were vaccinated with monovalent vaccines

Conclusion: the results of this study revealed that inactivated monovalent and polyvalent vaccines prepared from endemic E. coli serotypes are immunogenic and protective in broiler chicks against virulent E. coli. No cross protection was shown among heterologous serotypes. The vaccines do not have any effects on growth rate or carcasse quality in vaccinated chicks. Thus we suggest using the endemic E. coli vaccine to protect broiler chicks against colibacillosis