Experimental induction of left abomasal displacement: a new educational technique

The purpose of this study was to induce abomasal displacement to the left, and to let the undergraduate and post graduate students get used to the ping sounds of abomasum and other clinical manifestations. The procedure was carried out on eight young bulls, they were sedated and a 2 m flexible tube was inserted through the nasal canal into the rumen. By laparo-rumenotomy, 20 cm of the tube was inserted into the abomasums through the omaso-abomasal groove. The rumen wall and abdominal wall were apposed routinely. The animal was casted on its right side on the floor. The abomasum was inflated through the external end of the tube which was tied to bull's horn base. Then the animal was allowed to st and on its feet. The gas filled abomasum was mobilized to the left flank between the body wall and the rumen. The left abomasal displacement was confirmed by ping and ultrasonography. Experimental induction of left abomasal displacement by inflating the abomasum using a nasal abomasal tube following rumenotomy is a safe and suitable technique for educational and research purposes. Key words: Experimental induction, Left displaced abomasum, Bull

[Surgical repair of distal femoral fracture in a wild gray wolf [Canis lupus]]

A 3-year-old wild gray wolf was referred to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences of Shiraz University with a history of car accident. The radiographic examination showed supracondylar distal femoral fracture in right leg. The wolf was pre-medicated by acepromazine followed by induction of anesthesia using a combination of diazepam and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained by halothane. The fracture was reduced, the first pin was bent based on anatomical curvature of the femoral shaft and inserted from lateral epicondyle and drove proximally. The second one was inserted from medial epicondyle as a cross pin. For further stabilization, a bone plate was contoured to curve from the shaft onto the condyle and applied on lateral surface of the distal femur. The joint capsule and incision site was closed. Postoperative radiograph showed good pin placement and bone reduction. Cage rest and restricted activity was accomplished for 8 weeks. Postoperative follow up revealed no complication and the wolf was allowed to return to its domain area of wilderness four months after surgery. In conclusion, using a combination of different fixation techniques can result in successful fracture repair in wild animals

Preventing unnecessary invasive cancer-diagnostic tests: changing the cut-off points

To determine a cut-off point of tPSA and PSAD to prevent unnecessary invasive cancer-diagnosing tests in the community. This study was performed on 688 consecutive patients referred to our center due to prostatism, suspicious lesions on digital rectal examination and/or elevated serum PSA levels. All patients underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies and obtained PSAD. Serum levels of tPSA and fPSA were measured by chemiluminescence. Comparisons were done using tests of accuracy [AUC-ROC]. Prostate cancer was detected in 334 patients, whereas the other 354 patients were suffering from benign prostate diseases. The mean tPSA in case and control groups were 28.32 +/- 63.62 ng/ml and 7.14 +/- 10.04 ng/ml; the mean f/tPSA ratios were 0.13 +/- 0.21 and 0.26 +/- 0.24 in PCa and benign prostate disease groups; the mean PSAD rates were 0.69 +/- 2.24, 0.12 +/- 0.11, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found [P<0.05]. Using ROC curve analysis, it was revealed that AUC was 0.78 for tPSA and 0.80 for f/tPSA. Sensitivity was 71% for the cut-off value of 7.85ng/ml. For f/tPSA ratio, the optimal cut-off value was 0.13 which produced the sensitivity of 81.4% and for PSAD, it was15%. As this trial is different from the European and American values, we should be more cautious in dealing with the prostate cancer upon the obtained sensitivity and specificity for PCa diagnosis [7.85ng/mL fortPSA, 15% for PSAD and 0.13 for f/tPSA ratio]

Relationship between post-kidney transplantation antithymocyte globulin therapy and wound healing complications

Wound healing disorders are probably the most common post-transplantation surgical complications. It is thought that wound healing disturbance occurs due to antiproliferative effects of immunosuppressive drugs. On the other hand, success of transplantation is dependent on immunosuppressive therapies. Antihuman thymocyte globulin [ATG] has been widely used as induction therapy but the impact of this treatment on wound healing is not fully understood. To investigate wound healing complications after ATG therapy in renal transplant recipients. The medical records of 333 kidney transplant recipients were assessed for wound healing disorders. Among these patients, 92 received ATG and 5 doses of 1.5 mg/kg ATG along with the standard protocol of drugs. The mean age of patients was 38.9 years. Of 333 recipients, 92 [23.7%] received ATG; 21 [6.3%] developed wound healing complications. There was a significant relationship between ATG therapy and wound complications [p=0.034]. Also, women were more likely to develop wound healing disorders than men [p=0.002]. No statistical difference was observed between age and wound healing complication [p=0.28]. There was no significant difference between the mean duration of hospitalization between ATG and Non-ATG group [p=0.9]. ATG increases the risk of overall wound complications. It is needed to pay more attention to the patients treated with this immunosuppressant to avoid the risk of re-interventions, lessen the duration of hospitalization and decrease the impairment of graft function

healing effect of bioglue in articular cartilage defect of femoral condyle in experimental rabbit model

The full-thickness articular cartilage defects of knee have a poor healing capacity that may progress to osteoarthritis and need a knee replacement. This study determines the healing effect of bioglue in full-thickness articular cartilage defect of femoral condyle in rabbit. Forty-eight male rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups. In group A, 4 mm articular cartilage defects were created in the right and left medial femoral condyles. Then a graft from xiphoid cartilage was transferred into the defect together with a designed bioglue and the knees were closed. In group B, an articular cartilage defect was created identical to group A, but the defect size was 6 mm. In group C, 4 and 6 mm articular cartilage defects were created in the right and left medial femoral condyles respectively. The graft was transferred into the defect and the knees were stitched. In group D, articular cartilage defects were created similar to group C, just filled with bioglue and closed. The rabbits were euthanized and subgroups were defined as A1, B1, C1 and D1 after 30 days and A2, B2, C2 and D2 after 60 days. The cartilages were macroscopically and histologically investigated for any changes. Microscopic and macroscopic investigations showed that bioglue had a significant healing effect in the femoral condyle. Addition of bioglue can effectively promote the healing of articular cartilage defects

Congenital penile urethral aplasia in a 4-day-old bull calf

A 4-day-old Holstein bull calf with considerable oedema of the belly [water belly] was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University. The owner did not observe any urination since birth. Rupture of the urethra was suspected. Perineal urethrotomy was performed. Subsequently, catheterization of urethra revealed the obstruction near the external urethral orifice. Urethrotomy showed a three cm long rupture of urethra proximal to the penile orifice. Surgical exploration showed the penile urethral aplasia which confirmed by histopathological findings. Permanent perineal urethrostomy was the surgical treatment of choice. Fluid and antibiotic therapy were administrated postoperatively. Postoperative follow-up showed a healthy calf without any signs of water belly

Angiographic study of the canine tibial fracture fixed by bovine bone pins as compared with the Conventional metal pins

Tibial fracture is one of the most commonly encountered fractures in small animals that requires particular attention and care. Bone pins were made from bovine long bones treated by 3% hydrogen peroxide and sterilized by ethylene oxide. Ten mixed breed dogs were osteotomized at tibial mid shaft under general anesthesia. In 5 dogs the fractures were immobilized by bone pins and in other 5 dogs they were fixed using the conventional metal pins. 50 days after surgery, 883 mg/kg urographin was injected into the femoral artery and radiography was performed during urographin injection. Angiography of the healthy leg was performed simultaneously as a control study. Analysis of data revealed that there was no significant difference in arterial diameter of popliteal, proximal cranial tibial, distal cranial tibial, caudal tibial, cranial branch of saphenous, caudal branch of saphenous, main saphenous and proneal arteries between two groups. There was, however a significant increase [P<0.05] in the diameter of these arteries between each group as compared with the control study. The number of vessels in callus region was not significantly different between the two groups but it was significantly increased in each group as compared with the control study. By intramedullary pinning, the medullary and metaphyseal blood supply impair. However, periosteal and extraosseous blood supplies are the major sources for callus nutrition. Medullary blood supply regenerates parallel to intramedullary pins after 10-28 days postoperatively. After this period, extraosseous and periosteal arteries supply the fracture callus predominantely. This study proved that both bovine bone pins and metal pins had similar influences on extraosseous blood supply

[Treatment of two cases of penetrating wound in horse]

Punctured or penetrating wounds in two horses referred to the Surgery department of the Veterinary college of Shiraz University were Studied and Treated accordingly. Animal's general condition, wound location, wound extent, and wound depth were assessed. Under sedation and local analgeia [case 1] and general anesthesia [case 2] the foreign bodies were removed. In the 1st case a piece of wood [53.5 x 3.5 cm] was removed from the pectoral area under the humeral bone [Fig. 1] by giving an incision on the 7th rib. In the 2nd case a piece of 60 x 4 cm wood was removed from the left inguinal region through the femoral muscle. In both cases treatment included cleaning, lavage, wound debridment and leaving drains in the wounds. Hydrotherapy, disinfection and drain change was followed daily. Systemic therapy included anti-tetanic Toxoid 1500 I.U., antibiotic and non steroidal anti inflammatory drug. Recovery was uneventful in both cases

[Introduction of a recirculator for long term anesthesia applicable in the surgery of fishes]

An instrument with the name of recirculator was designed for long term anaestheria of fishes for clinical and other investigations outside the water. Recirculator, circulates the water containing anaesthetic drugs over the respiratory system of fishes and prevents any distruption and contact of animal with water. After designing and production of the aforementioned instrument, it was tested an cyprinus carpia for gounadal removals and an salmo gairdneri fishes, for langterm anastheria, it was also tested on cyprinus carpio and hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The results showed that by using this procedure fishes stand the necessary time for surgery while being anasthetised by recirculator and recovery during 3-4 minutes without and any problem

[Effects of obesity on prolonged thiopental surgical anesthesia: Iranian fat tailed type sheep used a new model]

Anesthesiologist in human medicine noticed that patients with higher defree of fat deposit need more anesthetics and also recovery period in these patients is longer than normal patients. These indicate the important role of fat deposit that may play in prolonged thiopental anesthesia. Unfortunately, due to lack of clinical model, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental studies has been yet designed to prove the experience that anesthesiologist have obtained during clinical practice. Consequently, we thought that the Iranian fat tailed type sheep could be the best model to be used; since this kind of sheep could deposit a large amount of fat up to 10% of its body weight or more, depending on strain and age, at its tail area. Prolonged surgical anesthesia was induced in Iranian fat tailed type sheep with initial dose of 26.51 +/- 5.82 mg/kg of body weight, and maintained successfully by repeatedly injecting the maintenance dose of 22.97 +/- 5.26 mg/kg, 20.31 +/- 5.67 mg/kg and 14,10 +/- 5.31 mg/kg of thiopental for 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. hour of anesthesia respectively in this study. Maintenance dose in tail amputed animal is decreased respectively from normal sheep 22,97 +/- 5.26 to 21.99+6.34, 20.31 +/- 5.67 to 14.75+4,61 and 14.10 +/- 5,31 to 8.56 +/- 3.20 mg/kg during 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. hour of anesthesia. The differences between maintenance dose in normal and amputated tail sheep in 2nd. and 3rd hour of anesthesia could be attributed to fat removal in amputated tail sheep. Average recovery time in normal animals was 358.10 +/- 65.77 minutes. But, recovery time in tail amputed animal significantly decreased from 358.10 +/- 65.77 to 204.50+88.49 minutes. The differences could be due to higher metabolism and excretion rate in amputated tail sheep; since, there is higher plasma concentration of thiopentail in this group of sheep, due to lack of high fat tissue, consequently, the drug gets metabolized and excreted faster and recovery period becomes shorter. Results obtained in this study could firmly prove the important role of obesity in human and veterinary anesthesia. These data also suggest that anesthesiologist should more seriously consider the obesity at the time of practice. All this experiment proves that sheep is a good model in this kind of research