[Evaluation of nosocomial urinary tract infection in the intensive care unit patients at Tehran 501 hospital during 2007]

Background: nosocomial urinary tract infection is one of the most common nosocomial infection causing an increase in mortality and high expenses for the patients. In this study we have tried to investigate the effects of various Factors including age, sex, marritial status, usage of urine catheter and the duration of it, any pervious urinary infection, smoking, urinary tract obstruction and any surgery on the urinary tract

Materials and Methods: in order to make this research more comprehensive and perspective, all the 88 ICU patients hospitalized at Tehran 501 hospital went under observatoin for a period of 4 months. A questionnaire was given to each patient, their urine samples were taken on first, third and seventh day of their acceptance. the data was then analysed using SPSS software

Results: the results shows that in our 88 patients [of which 46.6% were male and 53.4% Female with an average age of 64 years], 89.8% were married and 10.2% single, 30.7% had diabet mellitus, 79.5% used urine catheter with an average of 12 days of catheterization and 26.1% had previous urinary tract infection [p <0.05]. There was no significant relationship between urinary tract infection and the smoking [10%], obstruction of urinary system [9.1%], surgical history [4%] and the marritial status [P>0.05]. The main reason of the urinary tract infection was candida [66.7%] and the rest was E.coli [33.3%]

Conclusion: on the basis of this study we can say that urinary tract infection has a direct relationship with the usage of urine catheter and the period of its use, age, sex, diabetic, hospital staying and previous urinary tract infections

[Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic masses of breast in women visiting in khanevadeh hospital [Oct 2005-2006]]

Mammary disorders are among the most important elements causing women to present to a physician. Mammary disorders can Vary form benign masses to malignant cancerous tumors. The occurrence and the elements contributing to the occurrence of asymptomatic breast tumors in the women having presented to Army staff's family Hospital within the term from Oct 2005-2006. This is a descriptive- analytical study carried out on 660 subjects. The subjects were sleeted at random from among the mummer presenting. To the clinic for reasons other than mammary disorders. They were subjected to full breast examinations. Questionnaires were distributed among the subjects in order to survey the elements contributing to the occurrence of breast tumors and the results from the completed questionnaires were analyzed. 5 numbers of total 660 patients were examined in this research had breast tumors and only one case had malignant mass.20% of them malignant 20% cyst and 60% were fibroadenoma. frequency of asymptomatic breast tumors in this study are [0/7%] and 80% of them is benign where as 20% of asymptomatic breast mass was malignant therefore self examination and examination by physician periodically, specially in high risk patient is important

[Evaluation of attitude, knowledge and practice of married women [19 -45] years old about contraceptive methods in 1384 at Tehran Khanevadeh hospital]

Background: the birth control has been a hurdle to overcome especially in the high growing nations of the Asia. This has been assessed by the KAP study aiming at the contraception methods. The affecting factors are of concern in the process of the assessment. Numerous studies have indicated that follow ups and repetitive studies are necessary to find out the changes in the knowledge, attitude and practice of the subjects

Material and method: a descriptive cross sectional study in a contraception KAP study was performed on 275 of married women 19-45 years old married women. Theye were asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception which including 45 question comprised of personal, knowledge based, attitudes toward contraception methods, and the state of practice of the attendants. The data thus gathered was analyzed by the Spss 11.5 for the central values and standard deviations. The data was normalized using Smirinov- Colmogrov test and normalized data was assessed by the independent sample test and one way ANOVA using tukey test

Results: the most frequently used method of contraception is the natural method [37.7%], the next ranking the highest accepted method being the use of condom [19.6%]. The least accepted methods were the use of the IUD and the tubal ligation [11.6%, 11.2% respectively]. A mean of 49.8% of the attendants replied correctly to the knowledge section questions. The most and the least correctly answered items were contraceptive pills and the implantable contraceptive respectively. Most individuals attended the practice considered the availability, morals and religious considerations most affecting factors in the state of contraception use. And the mutual acceptation of the contraception method being used was the item believed by the participants to affect the use of the techniques. The practice section questions showed that 66.6% of the participants performed wrongly in case of more than one pill was forgotten. This wrong behavior reached 61.4% in case of barriers. Assessing the correlation of knowledge of the attendants with the pills forgotten more than once a meaning relation was found [P=0.01]. This condition was also found to be existing among the knowledge status of working women and housewives. The knowledge of women was also affected by the level of their own and their husbands' education

Conclusions: the contraception is mainly affected by the knowledge status of the users but gaining a high level of education alone is not an assuring factor in the proper and correct use of the method

[Erythrocyte Parameters changes through out Pregnancy in women Referred to gynecology and obstetrics clinic at Khanevadeh medical center at 2004-2005 year]

Background: the erythrocyte parameters are subjects to change through out pregnancy. To differentiate the aforementiond chages with the iron defiency anemia, one is obliged to perform serial blood sampling and erythrocyte parameters tests. The current study was designed to monitor erythrocyte parameter changes during pregnancy

Materials and methods: 350 patients were recruited to a descriptive observational cross sectional study through out their Pregnancy. General data including maternal age,pregnancy age in accordance with the lmp, times of gravidity and delivery, iron and folic acid complementation were assessed blood sampling and erythrocyte parameters. Assessment were used to qualify the gaind data's meaningfulness. The pvalue was considered equal with 0.05

Results: 308 pateints results were finalized. The mean age was 27.04 +/- 4 years. Most pregnancy pregnancy cases wrere in the first time pregnancy subgroup [77.85%]. Most delivery cases were nuliparous subgroup [74.16%]. The iron and folic acid supplementation were dominant in 95.13% of cases, respectively 2.68% of attendants were smokers, hemogtobin, hematocrite and mchc were decreased with pregnancy progress. In the mean while mcv increases through out pregnancy Mch shows no meaningful changes

Conclusions: the values of hemoglobin and hematocrite decrease through out pregnancy And macrocytic changes occur through out a physiologic and normal pregnancy