[Application of a health belief model for explaining mammography behavior by using structural equation model in women in Sanandaj]

In Iran like other developing countries, age of breast cancer is lower, in comparison to the developed countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of mammography behavior with demographic factors and health belief model constructs to perform mammography behavior and also to assess the predictive power of this model. In this cross-sectional study we selected 593 non lactating and non-pregnant women of 40 years of age and older without breast cancer by random clustered sampling method. Demographic data, history of previous mammography and data about HBM [perceived susceptibility, severity, self-efficacy, health motivation, benefits, and barriers] were collected by using self-report questionnaires. SPSS and LISREL software were used for data analysis. Following perceived susceptibility [r=0.48] and perceived barriers, [r=0.17], self-efficacy showed the highest correlation [r=0.61] with mammogram performance [p<0.001]. Breast problem, marital status, family history of breast cancer had significant effects on mammography performance. Self-efficacy [regression coefficient=0.86] and perceived susceptibility [regression coefficient=0.65] had the most direct effect on mammography [p<0.01-0.001]. High power exponent of the variance in mammography behavior shows efficacy of HBM as a theoretical framework for studying the behavior of mammography. Low rate of mammogram performance indicates the need for intervention programs aimed at increasing mammography behavior

Clinical and laboratory features of patients with IGT in adults of Region 13 of Eastern Tehran

Individuals with IGT are at an increased risk of developing DM type, II and IGT is a known risk-factor for non-communicable diseases also the risk of cardiovascular disease in these patients is increased. The aim of this study was to determine the features of patients with IGT in Tehran and the correlation of IGT with other variables and risk factors of non-communicable disease. This was a descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study. Out of 9204 participants in the first phase of Tehran lipid and glucose study 960 had IGT. At least 8 weeks later, a second OGTT was done and 331 had IGT. DM and IGT diagnosis were based on WHO criteria. In this group, anthropometric indices, BP, serum glucose, and lipid levels were obtained after 12 hours of fasting. Obesity was defined as BMI >30 kg/m2, over weight BMI 25 to 29. 9 Kg/m2. WHR more than 0. 8 in females and 0. 95 in males were defined as truncal obesity, Hypertension was defined as SBp >/= 140 or DBp >/= 90 mmHg or taking of anti hypertensive drugs. Statistical analyses were performed using the independent T-test, and ANOVA. Totally 331 patients were studied with IGT, 232 of whom [70%] were female and 99[30%] were male. In 43% of cases BMI was /= 240 mg/dl and LDL-C in 28.1% was >/= 130 mg/dl and in 24.8% was >/= 160 g/dl. HDL-C in 32. 9% of cases was /= 200 mg/dl. Assessment of parameters according to BMI showed that means of cholesterol and triglyceride level in obese patients were higher than the rest [p < 0. 42, p < 0. 001] and mean of HDL-C in obese patients was lower [p < 0. 014]. ETT performed in 199 patients [14%] was positive. According to the results of the study, patients with IGT have high risk of cardiovascular events because of multiple risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking, hyper lipidemia

[Assessment of changes in lipid levels after 3 years Tehran lipid and glucose Study]

The purpose of the study was to assess changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, non HDL-C and triglyceride levels over a 3-year period in subjects enrolled in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. A total of 1839 males and 2553 females, aged 3 years and over, were included in this study. Baseline demographic characteristics and lipid levels were determined GTT was performed at baseline and after 3 years in subjects >/=20 years age. In both sexes, BMI and WHR, [waist-hip ratio], increased significantly from baseline. Mean BMI at baseline was 24.7 +/- 5.8, which in phase 2, rose to 26.0 +/- 5.6 kg/m2 [p=0.001]. In phase one, 32 and 18.6% of all subjects and in phase two, 34 and 23.4% respectively were overweight and obese [p=0.05]. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, [IGT], and Diabetes mellitus increased in phase 2 of the study. 13% of all subjects in phase 1 had IGT and 11.4% had diabetes these statistics increased to 14.2 and 12.3% respectively in phase 2. In phase 2, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, non HDL-C and triglycerides decreased significantly from baseline levels. In phases one and two, 5.1% and 7.6% of subjects respectively were unaware of their diabetes. There is a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as overweight, obesity, low HDL-C, IGT and diabetes in the urban population of Tehran. It was seen that although mean total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, TG, SBP and DBP decreased significantly after 3 years, IGT, DM, overweight, obesity and Low HDL-C increased from baseline values

Distribution of non-HDL-cholesterol among Tehranian children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Serum Low-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol has long been used as an important assessment tool to predict the risk of coronary artery diseases, but due to certain limitations in the use of this index, it has been shown recently that Apo lipoprotein B is a better screening tool. Non-HDL cholesterol [total cholesterol minus HDL-C] includes all the lipoprotein particles, which contain Apo lipoprotein B, and could be a good screening tool for Apo lipoprotein B during CAD assessment and treatment. This study aims at assessing the distribution and correlation of non-HDL-C and related factors in a population of Tehranian children and adolescents. The study sample consisted of 4298, 3-19 year-olds, [2019 boys[47%] and 2279 girls[53%]] who had participated in the first phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [TLGS], from 1998-2000. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected for analysis. Non-HDL-C levels were higher in girls than in boys of the same age groups, especially among the younger [3-4 year-olds] age groups. Body mass index and waist circumference were positively associated with non-HDL-C. Both non-HDL-C and LDL-C were strongly associated with each other and total cholesterol [r[2] = 0.81and p < 0.001]. Non-HDL-C and LDL-C are were associated with triglycerides, but the strength of this correlation with triglycerides was relatively weaker as compared to that with total cholesterol. Non-HDL-C showed a significant inverse relationship to HDL-C [r[2] = 0.01, p < 0.01]. It was also seen that non-HDL-C had a stronger correlation to BMI and body fatness indicies. Population based data on non-HDL-C are now available for children and adolescents, which may help improve the CAD risk assessment and related interventions