Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trinitotoluene in aqueous solution by ozonation and multi-stage ozonation biological treatment

The objective of this study was to explore the extent of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution and red water mineralization by comparing conventional direct ozonation and multi-stage ozonation-biological treatment process. The alkaline hydrolysis was used for remediation 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water at pH = 10.9. Nevertheless, the hydroxyl radicals would be generated by ozone decomposition with ozone dose of 0.177 g/L. The samples were subjected to chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon analysis to monitor pollutants removal. The rate of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water pollutants degradation were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution resulted 55.5% chemical oxygen demand removal by 3 h direct ozonation. Following direct ozonation the biological treatment twenty four hours chemical oxygen demand reached 98.9% and 98.7% removal using humic acid and river water 1% [v/v] inoculation singly and respectively. Conventional direct ozonation showed non significant change in total organic carbon degradation. While on using multi-stage ozone-biological treatment process where humic acid and/or river water were used as inoculums singly and respectively, total organic carbon fulfilled 73% and 98.3% removal. The process was one hour direct ozonation and followed by three days multistage ozone-biological treatment. In multi-stage ozone-biological treatment process, ozonation was effective to decompose total organic carbon and to produce biodegradable dissolved organic carbon easily removed by ozone oxidation up to 98.3% in 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution. Pollutants removal achieved 99% in authentic red water effluent using river inoculation 1% [v/v] in 5 days. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transformation Infra Red methods were performed to confirm types of pollutants content in red water

Protection of biodiesel and oil from degradation by natural antioxidants of Egyptian jatropha

Residue of methanolic extract of Egyptian Jatropha curcas contains bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, which succeeded to be used as natural antioxidants for the protection of oils and their corresponding biodiesel against oxidative deterioration. In the present work, the residue of Jatropha roots were extracted with methanol and resulting residues, were investigated regarding their content of total phenolic compounds by folin-Cioalteau assay. Further, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were characterized by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method and proved remarkable results. Oxidation stability of Jatropha oil, used fried oil and olive oil and their corresponding biodiesel obtained by conventional transesterification were tested using thermal oxidation. Natural antioxidants such as [alpha-trocopherol], synthetic antioxidants as butylated hydroxytoluene and natural Jatropha root extract were used in the present study in comparison to investigate their addition effect on the oxidative stability of oils and their corresponding biodiesel. In the rapied thermal treatment test, results showed that addition of butylated hydroxytoluene 0.25% was able to stabilize Jatropha oil 6 h, but poorly stabiliz biodiesel. Addition of 0.25% alpha-trocopherol to Jatropha oil showed less oxidation stability after 2 h thermal treatment. Crude root extract addition at 0.25% to Jatropha oil showed good stability up to 4 h thermal treatment while addition of root extract at 0.25% to biodiesel showed better stability up to 6 h thermal treatment. Besides addition of 220 ppm crude root extract to biodiesel was enough sufficient to occure oxidative stabilization. Also Jatropha root residue addition at 400 ppm was effective antioxidant for fresh Jatropha oil

Screening of human immunodeficiency virus -1 among haemodialysed and renal transplanted patients

Eighty nine patients suffered from chronic renal failure were treated with hemodialysis n=40, or renal transplantation n=49, all were screened for HIV-I antibodies as being considered a high risk group [repeated blood transfusions]. The transplanted patients were immunologically suppressed with cyclosporin, prednisolone and azathioprine. In hemodialysis group, one case was found seropositive for Hepatitis-B surface Ag, one case was seropositive for cytomegalovirus IgM antibodies, while two cases showed specific signs for Kaposi's sarcoma. In these patients, we studied the duration of dialysis, its frequency, basal serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, white blood cell counts. The two studied groups together with 12 healthy identical controls were found seronegative for HIV-I antibodies as performed by both ELISA and particle Agglutination techniques. The latter technique was found reproducible and sensitive as ELISA, but less time-consuming and needs less technical skills. The seronegativity of these patients indicated the importance of screening for the HIV-II antibodies, which was reported to be present mostly among Africans

Study of the condensation reaction of 4-acetamidobenzenesulphonyl chloride with 2-aminopyrimidine

The optimum conditions for the preparation of 2-sulphanilaminopyrimidine [sulphadiazine] were determined. The molar ratio of the reactants, reaction temperature, time of reaction, solvent and type of catalyst are found to be the determining factors for the production of pure product in the highest yield. From the kinetic study, the condensation of 2-aminopyrimidine with 4-acetamidobenzenesulphonyl chloride shows a second order rate reaction. The specific reaction rates at different reaction temperatures are calculated. The energy of activation was evaluated