[Inefficient education and process of obesity in Tehranian adolescents: a qualitative study]

This study aimed to determine inefficiencies in current educational programs for promoting of healthy lifestyles and prevention of obesity from the perspective of adolescents and mothers. This was a qualitative study conducted based on a grounded theory approach. To collect data, 23 personal interviews and 12 semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with overweight/obese adolescents and mothers who had at least one overweight/obese child. To maximize the variation of participants' experiences with different socio-economic backgrounds, two demographically diverse areas from the north and south of Tehran were selected and followed with theoretical sampling. All the interviews and focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously, using the Strauss and Corbin analysis method. In the current study, inefficient education was explored using two main themes including "Single dimensional curriculum of schools" and "Inefficient public education". The single dimensional curriculum of schools was found to be characterized by "lesson-based curriculum" and "burdensome educational programs" and the inefficient public education was characterized by "inappropriate content", "lack of comprehensive educational program", "inappropriate ways of messaging" and "contradictory messages". Based on the findings of this study, "single dimensional curriculum of schools" and "Inefficient public education" were the main correlates of inefficient education in our society, which led to obesity-related behaviors and consequently excessive weight gain in Tehranian adolescents. The results of this study may be effective in prioritizing and designing health promotion programs aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles and prevention of obesity in children and adolescents

Comparing the effectiveness of rehabilitation methods with and without exercise on quality of life and self-steam addicts

Background and purpose: Addiction is a dependence on the drug that makes him the physical and psychological dependence on drugs and will affect all his personal and social behavior and has been attacked as an important social pathology of human society. Therefore, the aim of this study was Effect of a given exercise program on quality of life and self steam of addicts

Methods and materials: The study was quasi-experimental. Between drug addiction in the center of the 60 Congress, 60 of whom were purposefully selected and divided into two groups. The first group, There were 30 people after detoxification and drug treatments did not participate in exercise programs and advice received, the second Group, There were 30 people on drug treatment and counseling after detoxification were involved in sports programs. In two pre-test and post test subjects responded to questionnaires about quality of life and self steam. Data analysis was performed using the dependent and independent T test whit Using software SPSS16 at significant level [p<0.05]

Results: The groups were not significantly different from each other in pre-test, quality of life [p=0/87, t= 2/011] and self steam [p=0/49, t=0/65] but in the post-test groups with exercise training significantly with quality of life [p=0/002, t=-3/27] and self steam [p=0/007, t= -2/81] were better than the control group. It was observed that two groups of pre-test to post-test significantly [p<0/001] in terms of quality of life and self steam had improved

Conclusion: The results showed that the drug addicts who have used a combination of methods, such as regular exercise of moderate intensity, Had a greater improvement in quality of life and self steam

In-vitro evaluation of the effect of MTA setting on apical microleakage of open apex canals with MTA apical plug

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate [MTA] has a high clinical success rate when used as the apical plug. The conventional method of using MTA as an apical plug is doneduring two treatment sessions. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of complete filling of root canal with gutta percha and AH26 sealer immediately after the placement of MTA plug. A total of 88 single-rooted teeth were selected for this experimental study. The teeth were prepared and randomly divided into two groups of 40 each. Four teeth were considered as the positive control group and the remaining 4 as the negative controls. In group 1, MTA apical plug was placed, specimens were stored in saline solution for 24h and then filled with gutta percha and AH26 sealer. In the 2[nd] group, the roots were filled immediately after the placement of MTA. In the positive control group, the root canals were left unfilled and in the negative control group, root canals were filled with gutta percha and sealer. The specimens were then immersed in 1% methylene blue, demineralized in 5% nitric acid and cleared in methyl salicylate. Dye penetration was measured by a stereomicroscope in micrometer. T-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean dye penetration was 7813 microm in the first and 9152 um in the second group. According to t-test, the 2[nd] group had significantly greater microleakage than the first group [P<0.05]. MTA needs to be exposed to moisture for final setting and root canal obturation must be delayed until complete setting of MTA

effect of enoxaparin and clopidogrel on survival of random skin flap in rat animal model

Necrosis of skin flaps is considered as an important complication in reconstructive surgery. We conducted an experimental study to investigate the efficacy of low-molecular weight heparin, clopidogrel and their combination to improve the flap survival. Forty male, adult Sprague-Dawlay rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. Standard rectangular, distally based dorsal random pattern skin flap was elevated. To prevent the graft effect, a sterile sheet was put under the flap. No pharmacological agent was administered for the control group. In group 2, single subcutaneous dose of enoxaparin [3.2 mg/kg] was immediately administrated after surgery. In group 3, clopidogrel [25 mg/kg] was given orally for 7 days. In group 4, both enoxaparin and clopidogrel were administrated. The rats were evaluated on post-operative day 7 for viable and necrotic portions of flaps. The mean and SD of necrosis was 17.79 +/- 2.5 cm in the control group, 16.20 +/- 3.1 cm in low-molecular weight heparin, 15.25 +/- 3.8 cm in combined therapy group and 13.69 +/- 2.7 cm in clopidogrel group. Clopidogrel was the only pharmaceutical agent that produced a significant increase in the flap survival area. Clopidogrel may be an effective pharmaceutical agent that significantly increases viability of random skin flaps in rats, but low-molecular weight heparin and their combination did not have any significant beneficial effects

Childhood obesity in the Middle East: a review

Accurate and comprehensive data on the extent of the problem of childhood obesity is lacking in countries of the Middle East. This review, based on a Medline search, summarizes the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the region during 1990-2007. The highest rates of obesity and overweight were reported from Bahrain and the lowest from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies from Saudi Arabia, Islamic Republic of Iran and Kuwait showed an upwards trend in childhood obesity compared with a decade ago. Lack of uniformity in reference standards and reporting systems renders comparisons difficult. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of childhood obesity in the Middle East should stimulate policy-makers in the region to set up effective national and regional surveillance systems

Personal barriers to life style modification in overweight/obese adolescents: a qualitative study

Existing data show a rising prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian adolescents. Considering the lack of related studies from Iran, the current study investigates personal barriers to life style Modification among overweight/obese adolescents. This is a qualitative study, conducted according to the grounded theory approach. Participants were 35 school children [19 girls and 16 boys], aged 15-17 years, who were either overweight or obese. To collect data, 5 semi-structured focus group discussions and 10 in-depth interviews were conducted. To obtain views across a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, two demographically diverse areas in Tehran were selected, and in each area, participants were recruited from schools. All interviews and focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously according to the Strauss and Corbin analysis method. Based on data analysis, positive perception of conditions, priority of studying, lack of willingness, negative experiences, low self-esteem, and perceived lack of control were the major personal barriers to adolescents' healthy lifestyles. Study results demonstrated the main personal barriers for a healthy life style as perceived by adolescents, barriers that any effective interventions require to address for tackling overweight and obesity in adolescents

[Mothers' perceptions on familial correlates of overweight and obesity related behaviors in adolescents: a qualitative study]

There is convincing evidence that family environment plays an important role in influencing the obesity related-behaviors in adolescents. Considering the necessity of understanding the familial correlates of obesity in adolescents, and the lack of related studies in Iran, this study aimed to explore mothers' perceptions and experiences regarding these associated factors of overweight and obesity related behaviors in adolescents. A grounded theory approach was used for analyzing the participants' experiences, and their perceptions. To collect data, 6 semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with 25 mothers who had at least one overweight or obese child. Based on open sampling, with the aim of maximal variation of the participants' experiences, two demographically diverse areas from the north and south of Tehran were selected and then followed with theoretical sampling. All the focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously using the Strauss and Corbin analysis method. Five main familial correlates of overweight and obesity in adolescents emerged from data: 1] Parents with inadequate knowledge, 2] Parents' modeling of unhealthy behaviors, 3] Dissimilarity of members, 4] Maternal employment and 5] Children's studies being the top priority for parents. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate familial correlates of overweight and obesity in adolescents as perceived by mothers, correlates that must be addressed by effective interventions for tackling overweight and obesity in adolescents

[Predicting of changes in obesity indices regarding to dietary patterns in longitudinal Tehran lipid and glucose study]

This study aimed at investigating the association between obesity indices [Body Mass Index [BMI], Waist Circumference [WC], Waist to Hip Ratio [WHR]] and dietary patterns derived from Reduced Rank Regression [RRR] analysis among Tehranian adults in a cohort study. Over a duration of 6 years, 141 adults were examined before and after 6 years for obesity indices. Dietary intakes were recorded at baseline by two 24 hour dietary recalls. RRR analysis derived five patterns with respect to total fat, polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio, cholesterol, fiber and calcium intakes. The calculated factor scores were categorized in quintiles and changes in obesity indices were scrutinized within these quintiles. The first pattern [traditional] showed high loadings on refined carbohydrates, whole grain, vegetables, red and processed meat, saturated and trans fat, egg, showing significant high positive correlation with fat, cholesterol and calcium intakes [r=0.478, 0.626, and 0.486, respectively; p<0.001]. All obesity indices had an increasing trend across quintiles of pattern score [p<0.05 for BMI and WHR, p<0.001 for WC]. The fifth pattern [egg] had high loading for eggs, salty snacks, and fruits, and negative loadings for red and processed meat, saturated and trans fat, plant oil, and dairy products, indicating increasing trends for WC [p<0.001] and WHR [p<0.05] after adjustment for potential confounders. Other patterns showed non-significant trends for obesity indices. RRR analyses were indicative of two dominant dietary patterns correlated with increase in obesity indices in Tehran

[Evaluation the risk factors of surgical site infection after elective colorectal operations]

Abstract Introductions: Surgical Site Infection [SSI] is the most commonly reported nosocomial infection among hospital surgical inpatients. Determining measurable perioperative factors for SSI may provide information on reducing complications and improving outcome

Objective: Assess the predictive risk factors of tissue and wound complications in open colorectal operation patients

Materials and Methods: We studied 186 consecutive patients who underwent elective colorectal operation [due to pathologies such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, familial adenomatous polyposis and so on] in a cohort study between February 2004 and September 2006 in a tertiary hospital. The main outcome of surgical site infection included incision or organ/space. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the independent association of every factor with SSI. Also odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval were reported

Results: The mean age of patients was 49.4 +/- 16.5 year, and 50.5% were females. The most common preoperative diagnoses included colorectal cancer [84.9%] and familial adenomatous polyposis [10.7%]. Eighteen [9.7%] of patients suffered SSI. Of measured variables, mechanical preparation with an OR=0.053 and p value=0.002, smoking [OR=29.422 and p value=0.011], type of wound [OR=12.87 and p value=0.01], operation time [OR=3.14 and p value=0.001] and colostomy [OR=12.42 and p value=0.019] independently predicted SSI

Conclusions: The incidence of SSI in patients who underwent elective colorectal operation in present study could conform to results of the previous studies literature. Perioperative mechanical preparation, smoking, type of wound, operation time and colostomy independently predicted