ABSTRACT
Sleep disturbances are common in pregnancy. Insomnia is a frequent sleep disturbance experienced by pregnant women which can be primary or due to co-morbid conditions
The differential diagnosis of insomnia in pregnancy includes anxiety disorders, mood disorders, breathing related sleep disorders and restless legs syndrome. Early interventions to treat the sleep disturbance are recommended to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes. Management strategies include improving sleep hygiene, behavioral therapies, and pharmacotherapy. The risks of pharmacotherapy must be weighed against their benefits due to the possible risk of teratogenicity associated with some medications
Methods: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar employing a combination of key words: pregnancy, sleep disturbances, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Sleep disorders and insomnia
We included original studies, review articles, meta-analysis and systematic reviews in our search prioritizing articles from the last 10-15 years. Articles older than 15 years were only included if their findings had not been superseded by more recent data. Further selection of articles was done from bibliographies and references of selected articles
Conclusion: Sleep disturbances in pregnancy are common and cause considerable morbidity. Management includes a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments carefully weighing the risks and benefits of each for the expectant mother and fetus
ABSTRACT
Objective: To develop a standardized validated version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D] in Urdu
Methods: After translation of the HAM-D into the Urdu language following standard guidelines, the final Urdu version [HAM-D-U] was administered to 160 depressed outpatients. Inter-item correlation was assessed by calculating Cronbach alpha. Correlation between HAM-D-U scores at baseline and after a 2-week interval was evaluated for test-retest reliability. Moreover, scores of two clinicians on HAM-D-U were compared for inter-rater reliability. For establishing concurrent validity, scores of HAM-D-U and BDI-U were compared by using Spearman correlation coefficient. The study was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from May to December 2014
Results: The Cronbach alpha for HAM-D-U was 0.71. Composite scores for HAM-D-U at baseline and after a 2-week interval were also highly correlated with each other [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.83, p-value < 0.01] indicating good test-retest reliability. Composite scores for HAM-D-U and BDI-U were positively correlated with each other [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.85, p < 0.01] indicating good concurrent validity. Scores of two clinicians for HAM-D-U were also positively correlated [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.82, p-value < 0.01] indicated good inter-rater reliability
Conclusion: The HAM-D-U is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of Depression. It shows good inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The HAM-D-U can be a tool either for clinical management or research
ABSTRACT
Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] frequently complain of sleep disturbances such as insomnia and nightmares. Evaluation of sleep disturbances is often difficult due to the subjective nature of the complaints. Polysomnography [PSG] and other sleep studies are generally not indicated in the evaluation of insomnia or nightmares associated with PTSD. Actigraphy, [electronic activity monitoring] has been used in research to evaluate sleep disturbances in patients with PTSD. We reviewed the literature on the use of actigraphy in evaluation of sleep problems in patients with PTSD. A literature search for articles on the topic was conducted on PubMed using the search algorithm [actigraphy [Title/Abstract] OR actigraphic [Title/Abstract]] AND PTSD [Title/Abstract]. Out of 11 search results, 9 studies in which application of actigraphy had relevance to the primary objective and outcome in PTSD patients with sleep problems were selected for review. We also handpicked one additional article from personal communication with our colleagues who have done some of these studies. Actigraphy has been used to evaluate circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Use of actigraphy in psychiatry clinics is uncommon. There is no data to support that there are specific actigraphic sleep related findings in PTSD patients. However, it can be a useful tool to complement the use of sleep diaries when assessing sleep and wake patterns in patients with PTSD
ABSTRACT
To assess whether awakenings from sleep and sleep duration in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] were related to demography, posttraumatic or depressive symptoms, subjective sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Sample consisted of 23 veterans with lifetime PTSD and current sleep disturbance not due to apnea or other diagnosable conditions. Data collection included demography, two weeks of actigraphy, Beck Depression Inventory, Posttraumatic Checklist, Clinical Assessment of Posttraumatic Symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The study revealed that awakenings increased with younger age. Variability in awakenings also increased with younger age [p = 0.002]. More awakenings were associated with shorter sleep duration. These paradoxical observations regarding younger age and more awakening may be related to increased sleep symptoms early in the course and then gradual waning of posttraumatic symptoms over time, since awakenings tend to increase with age in normals [rather than decrease, as we observed]
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Sleep Wake Disorders , Veterans , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , ActigraphyABSTRACT
Objective: To establish the serotypes of Vibrio cholerae [VC] endemic in our set up and to determine the sensitivity pattern of the organism
Methods: The study was carried out on 123 isolates of Vibrio cholerae isolated from stool samples of patients of diarrhea. Samples were collected in plain containers/alkaline peptone water. Inoculation was done on TCBS agar, McConkey's agar and Salmonella Shigella agar. Identification of the organisms was based on, sucrose fermentation on TCBS agar a positive oxidase test and biochemical profile by API 20 E galleries. Serological confirmation was done by standard antisera. Biotypes were confirmed by Voges-Proskauer [vp] reaction, Polymixin B [50 i.u] sensitivity and sheep red cell haemolysis. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out against Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, Erythromicin, Nalidixic acid, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique
Results: A total of 123 isolates recovered during the period 1997-2002 were studied. All strains belonged to sero type O1. Till 1998 all strains were of biotype EL Tor. Classical biotype appeared in 1999 and remained the dominant variety during 2000-2001. Year wise comparison of the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern shows that resistance to Nalidixic acid emerged in 1999 and is uniformly continuing whereas resistance to Ampicillin and Tetracycline has fallen to very low levels. No isolate was resistant to the fluoroquinolones
Conclusion: 1. Vibrio cholerae O1 is endemic in Rawalpindi. 2. EL Tor was the biotype causing epidemics predominantly in our set up till 1998. Now the Classical variety has emerged and both types are probably co-existing. 3. All the isolates in our study were completely resistant to Nalidixic acid but sensitive to the fluoroquinolones and Erythromycin. Ampicillin and Tetracycline which were earlier resistant have reverted to sensitive
ABSTRACT
The role of immunoperoxidase stains in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was evaluated in a total of 60 sections from 40 cases originally diagnosed based on the findings from hematoxylin-eosin staining done in our laboratory. Neuron-specific enolase was very effective in highlighting rare scanty ganglion cells in two cases that had been classified as aganglionic. S-100 protein was effective in illustrating nerve fiber proliferation in submucosa and lamina propria, which may be difficult to demonstrate using hematoxylin-eosin alone. We recommend the use of immunoperoxidase stains as an important adjunct to hematoxylineosin for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease when using paraffin sections