Prevalence of tobacco use among adult and adolescent females in Egypt

Egypt assessed tobacco use among young people and adults through implementation in 2009 of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS] among school students aged 13-15 years and the nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey [GATS] among adults aged 15+ years. Both surveys employed cluster sampling to produce nationally representative samples and used standard core questionnaires with optional, country-specific questions. The results indicated that a higher percentage of adolescent girls in Egypt used tobacco than did adult females. Overall, 3.8% of girls aged 13-15 years used some form of tobacco compared with 0.6% of women aged 15+ years. Adolescents were over 14 times more likely than adult women to currently smoke cigarettes and 11 times more likely to smoke waterpipes. Moreover, the prevalenceof cigarette smoking among adolescent girls had increased from 1.4% in the 2005 GYTS to 2.8% in 2009, indicating that social and cultural norms may be changing

Acute oedema of the lung and pre-eclampsia about 15 cases

Our aim is to point out the relation between acute oedema of lung and pre-eclampsia and guidelines of care. All the patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the university hospital center of Hassan II of Fez, for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia from January 2003 to March 2006. The authors report 15 cases of acute oedema of the lung [AOL] associated with pre-eclampsia. The average age was of 24 +/- 9 years. We noted 9 primipars, 6 cases of AOL occurred in delivery period. 10 cases of preeclampsia were detected, whereas it was associated to a cardiomyopathy of the peripartum and three rheumatic valvulopathies. The childbirth took place by Caesarean at 8 patients and 7 were confined by low way. 9 patientes required artificial ventilation and the haemodialysis was carried out in 3 patientes. The evolution was favourable in 12 patientes. We deplored three maternal deaths and 4 newborn deaths. The acute oedema of the lung during the preeclampsia is a serious pathology; its mechanism of appearance is complex. The materno-foetal forecast depends on how the treatment was prompt, of the severity of the EP and the age of the pregnancy. The prevention is based on the antenatal consultation and the monitoring of any EP in order to propose in time a possible ending of pregnancy

Utilization of guava seeds [Psidium guajava L.] in some food products

ANALYSIS of guava seed powder revealed that guava seed contained ether extract 7.97%, protein 9.37%, crude fiber 57.6%, dietary fiber 79.37%, lignin 20.37%, cellulose 41.28% and hemicellulose 17.7%. The characteristics of guava seed oil were, acid value 0.85 mg [KOH/g oil], peroxide value 1.15 [meq O[2]/kg oil], saponification value 185.23; unsaponifiable matter 1.21% and iodine value 119.5 [g I[2]/100g oil]. Moreover, the most abundant saturated fatty acid was palmatic. However, the most predominant unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid which indicates that the oil is considered as semi drying oil. With regard to protein evaluation of guava seed, results showed that leucine was the predominant essential amino acid with a value of 2.2 [mg/g], while the predominant non-essential amino acid was glutamic acid 6.2 [mg/g]. Biological value of guava seed protein was 56.96 and PER was 0.32. Addition of guava seed powder to rice grits for extrusion caused reduction of the expansion ratio [ER], decrease in the bulk density [BD], slight increase of the water absorption index and decrease in the breaking strength [BS] of the extrudate. The sensory evaluation of the new products indicated that good extrudates were obtained by adding up to 8% of guava seeds powder to rice grits. Adding guava seed powder to semolina flour to produce high fiber macaroni caused decrease in the BS values. The results obtained showed that the absorbed water and solid substance were increased as the level of addition of guava seed powder was increased. The sensory evaluation indicated that macaroni product with excellent and very good grade could be obtained by adding guava seeds powder up to 12%

Some valuable compounds from prickly pear seeds and peels

Chemical properties of crude prickly pear seed oil were: acid value 0.63% [mg KOH/g oil], peroxide values 1.65 [meq o[2]/kg oil]; saponification value 188.41, unsaponifiable matter 1.36%, and iodine value 108.26 [g[2]I, /100g oil]. Moreover, palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid, while lenoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid in crude oil of prickly pear seed. The biological value [BV] of prickly pear seed was 49.16 and the PER 0.07. The obtained results showed that pectin extracted from peels of ripe prickly pear had higher ash content [2.61 and 2.12%] than that extracted from peels of mature prickly pear [1.59 and 1.05%]. Anhydrogalacturonic acid content was higher in pectin extracted from fresh and dried peels of ripe prickly pear [50.93 and 5 I.12] than that extracted from fresh and dried peels of mature prickly pear [48.98 and 48.30], respectively. Methoxyl percentage of pectin extracted from peels of ripe prickly pear had higher value than the methoxyl percentage of pectin extracted from peels of mature prickly pear. Acetyl content of pectin extracted from peels of ripe prickly pear was slightly higher than that extracted from peel of mature prickly pear. Degrees of estrification [DE] of pectin extracted from ripe prickly pear peels were 31.49% for fresh peels and 34.93% for dried peels. Meanwhile, it was 25.67% for pectin extracted from fresh peels and 26.84% for dried peels of mature prickly pear. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the viscosity values [at 10 rpm] between pectin extracted at different maturity stages [mature and ripe] or pectin obtained by different extraction methods [fresh and dry]

Chronic liver disease among Egyptian military persons: contribution of hepatitis virus infections

In Egypt, viral hepatitis is the major cause of chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis. The aim of this work is to estimate the frequency of hepatitis virus infections among military persons with chronic liver disease. One hundred and ten male military personnel having chronic liver disease [CLD] were subjected to laboratory investigations including hepatitis viral markers, abdominal ultrasonography and liver biopsy. They were divided into three groups according to results of hepatitis B virus [HBV] and hepatitis C virus [HCV] seromarkers. Group I comprised 31 patients [28.2%] who had evidence of HBV infection, group II comprised 53 patients [48,2%] who had evidence of HCV infection, and group III comprised 26 patients [23.6%] who had evidence of both HBV and HCV infection. Age group

Prevalence of endometrial proliferation in pipelle biopsies in Tamoxifen - treated postmenopausal women with breast cancer in Kuwait

To determine the prevalence of pathologic changes in the endometrium of tamoxifen-treated asymptomatic postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Subjects and Fifty postmenopausal asymptomatic breast cancer patients with positive estrogen receptor status were treated with 20 mg of tamoxifen daily for a period of 5-60 months. The control group consisted of 30 asymptomatic postmenopausal breast cancer patients who were negative for estrogen receptor and therefore did not receive tamoxifen. Endometrial biopsies were performed using Pipelle endometrial suction curette at least 5 months after the study began. The endometrium was classified as atrophic [negative finding] and proliferative or hyperplastic [positive findings]. The study and control groups were compared for demographic characteristics, risk factors for endometrial cancer, histological findings and the duration of tamoxifen treatment. A significantly greater prevalence of endometrial abnormalities existed among the tamoxifen-treated than control patients [76 vs. 33%, p < 0.001]. The abnormal endometrial changes were further demarcated in both groups into proliferative [54 vs. 26.7%, p = 0.02] and hyperplastic [22 vs. 6.6%, p = NS]. In the study group, 63.6% of hyperplastic endometrium was simple hyperplasia and 36.4% was complex/no atypia hyperplasia, while in the control group all the cases were simple hyperplasia. No endometrial cancer was detected in either group. In addition, there was a positive association between the duration of tamoxifen exposure [<1 year vs. >/= 1 year] and the endometrial abnormalities [46.6 vs. 88.6%, p = 0.003; proliferative 57.1 vs. 74.1%, p = 0.015; hyperplastic 42.8 vs. 25.8%, p = NS]. The adjuvant use of tamoxifen is associated with significant time-dependent abnormal endometrial changes among patients with cancer of the breast

Prevalence of schistosomiasis among primary school children in a newly reclaimed area

Fourty six pupils in the primary school of a recently developed village in New Nobaria area were included in this study. The search for schistosoma ova in stool, by sedimentation and modified Kato methods and in urine by nucleopore filtration technique were done for all the pupils. It was found that the prevalence of S.mansoni infection was 30.4 percent, for S.haematobium infection was 8.7 percent, for mixed infection was 6.5 percent and the over all prevalence of mixed infection was 6.5 percent and the over all prevalence of schistosomiasis was 45.7 percent. The infection rates were higher among males [56.7 percent] than females [25.0 percent]. As regards the intensity of infection among patients with S.mansoni, 52.9 percent of patients had light infection while 29.4 percent had moderate and 17.7 percent had heavy infection. All patients with S.haematobium infection had light infection. The modified Kato technique proved to be markedly superior to sedimentation technique in detection of S.mansoni ova in stools. It can be concluded from the results of this study that the prevalence of schistosomiasis among children in this village is a representation of the prevalence of schistosomiasis in their original residence