illustrative case of a homopterous insect whose colours are traceable to the pigments formed by its symbiotic bacteria

Insects of the orders, Hemiptera and Homoptera contain symbiosis with microorganisms yeast-like or bacterial. The symbiotes play a respiratory role. Most bacteria produce pigments which appear as colours of their host insects. This is particularly the case with Homopterous insects exemplified here by Cicadella viridis. Its two colours red and green are produced by bacteria which produce these pigments

critical and historical consideration of the present knowledge of symbiosis between insects and bacteria

Symbiotic microorganism of coccids and of homophterous insects can be cultivated using a special media and a special technique. In most coccids the symbiotes were yeast-like and produced tyrosinase which gave them a dark appearance. In homoptera the symbiotes were bacteria which produced pigments like their insect hosts. Even the firefly showed the presence of chalk-white bacterial colony producing luciferin but no luciferase, the symbiote of firefly could also be grown. It seems that originally the bacteria was self-luminescent but on symbiosis a mutant was produced which contained only luceferin but no luciferase with it ended the research on symbiosis among insects

magic square of ten as approach to its ideal form

Magic squares are called Taviz [amulets] in Islamic World. This briefly indicates the importance of the subject. The magic square of ten in higher than that of nine, the highest produced in the past

magic square of twelve

A magic square can be formed by transferring the numbers from its ordinary square so that all series vertical and horizontal as also the two diagonal series give the same amount. In the case of magic square of 12, these series amount to 870. fig. 1 illustrates it

Six categories of knowledge as the essential minimum for identifying an entity like soma of rigveda

Here the Agent [1] is the Aryan hunter. His special action [2] is to drink soma, the juice of a plant also called soma [2]. It is a small shrub with many stalks each stalk being leafless, yellow and reeded. Hunting produces over-exertion and soma juice is consumed as an anti-fatigue drink [3], thrice a day [5]. The plant grows on dry soils as on edges of rocks and on tops and slopes of hills [6]. To extract the juice the stalks are crushed between two stones [4] using water to extract the juice. This completes our knowledge of the natural history of soma as ephedra. Numbers in brackets correspond to those on the chart. Briefly: Existence = Agent [1] + Action [2] Action = Motive [3] + Method [4] Existence = Time [5] + Space [6]

chinese cult of longevity and the making of alchemy

Ancient life being unhygienic death rate was high and life-span short. Then arose the idea of drug which could make the body though and immune to diseases and independently prolong the life-span. On the theory that like makes like, gold as an everlasting substance would constitute drug of longevity. Then blood was soul and redness its active principle. Accordingly red-gold would be the proper drug of longevity. Red gold was prepared by incorporating a plant juice rubbed into granules of gold. According to its make-up it was gold-plus-plant juice. In Chinese this would be Chin-1. In Ningpo dialect it would be Kim-Iya. Pre-Islamic Arabs appeared in Ningpo as it was the centre of silk-production. Kim-Iya entered Arabic as Al-Kimiya and became the drug of longevity. However, it was only brick-red. On the contrary blood as soul is bright-red. Then looking out for such a substance the Chinese found cinnabar to be as red as blood. This however would represent a soul which prolongs life. It then ignores the body. Then if cinnabar was to incorporate gold, this would make the body tough and immune to diseases while redness as soul would independently prolong life. Cinnabar gold was prepared by taking mercury, sulphur and gold and subjecting all three to sublimation. The product was cinnabar with traces of gold. It is made in India and is called Makaradhwaja. It is a panacea curing chronic and incurable diseases particularly sexual disability. Then a panacea is as good as any drug of longevity. While cinnabar was synthesized and there was no idea of gold being an element, it appeared that gold was only a yellow form of cinnabar. At a certain stage something like an "amalgam of sulphur" was formed and was mistaken for gold. This explains the many reports of alchemists succeeding in synthesizing gold. There is no record of gold having been prepared by the pound. Then what was seen as gold in a crucible could only be what can be called an "amalgam of sulphur" This explains the many reports in the literature of successfully synthesizing gold. Thus while colloidal gold and cinnabar gold are real products what appears to be an "amalgam of sulphur" is what merely appear as gold. While it was explained where alchemy did succeed it had to be shown where it produced a false appearance of gold

Bent stalks of the soma plant

Illustrations are offered to show that ephedra stalks can be bent, also jointed and portions between as long as a cow's teat [nipple] Such evidence is being offered here for the first time

Jabir's magic square as the symbol of venus which was the eight cornered star

The first symbol of Venus was a five cornered star. Eash corner being numbered numbers 1 to 5, both included amounted to 15. This became the arithmetical designation of Venues. Finally she was symbolised as eight cornered star which is shown here in Fig. 1. It is expressed without lifting the pen so that all parts have the same origin and are mutually related. The design however contains two squares as opposites which is revealed in Fig. 1. With such potentialities it becomes the source of producing auspicious energy. This design as charm could facilitate child birth and also facilitate the production of gold from base metals. Altogether it served as a charm to help man in many of this needs

zigzag line as the symbol of life and the cross as symbol of soul

The early man, as food gatherer, observed the dead does not breathe. He concluded to breathe is to live and breath is soul. When man dies soul becomes a bird and flies upto heaven. The pictograph of flying bird gave cross as design with Cross=Soul. Later man became a hunter. He observed deer moving along showed two legs meeting together to give a V-shaped or triangular design. With a series of such V-shaped units connected together produced a zigzag line which represented movement and became symbol of life. As symbol of soul and symbol of life they often go together. Such cases are best depicted in Figs. 7 and 8

Magic square of the even number eight

A magic square would be an integration of pairs of opposite numbers with proper balance among the pairs which themselves would be opposites. This would be quantitatively. But there would also be equal numbers as adds and evens. This would be a quality. Now a simple square of 8 would have 64 numbers. To assign them proper positions would be a difficult task. To simplify the problem the arithmetical design is rendered into its algebraical version. This can begin with the minimum data as the arithmetical number 1 and as the algebraical unit, N, when N=8. Then with 1 and N, there would arise 9 and 7N as the highest items to be dealt with. Moreover their combinations can produce 7N+8 as the highest dual-natured unit. Then to start with the algebraical design of magic square would be to simplify its formation. First the right diagonal series would be formed, beginning with 1 and ending with [7N+8] with numbers and algebraical series increasing by their respective units. The left diagonal series begins with N and takes 7 at the next step finally ending as [7N+1] so that here items with N increase, while numbers decrease stepwise. Now the highest item of right diagonal points to the first unit in the topmost row. It is such pointers that indicate the next numbers and the places to be assigned to them. The complex diagonal series give rise to squares of units with the positions they occupy have also been explained by separate figures. It is believed that most of the figures offer necessary details and consequently are self-explanatory

magic square of three as implicitly containing the symbol of heaven and earth

Jabir ibn Hayyan as master of Islamic alchemy based his system of alchemy on the magic square of three which he selected because it had the power of facilitating child birth. It was then assumed that what facilitated child birth also facilitated transforming base metals into gold. This implies a power inherent in the magic square of three which could release creative energy. In the magic square of three the even numbers are at the four corners while the odd numbers appear in the central portion as a spatial cross and cross is the symbol of soul and symbol is the plenipotentiary of the original. Then as cosmic soul incorporated in the design this could facilitate child birth and also facilitate transformation of base metals into gold. The design is a variant of the symbol of Heaven and Earth

magic square of three compared with the Chinese symbol of cosmogony, Yin-Yang, Pa-Kua: part II

Symbols of cosmology and cosmogony are discussed. Magic square of three is interpreted as symbol of cosmogony. Existence means creation and its source. Creation is standardized as 8 items, 4 as cosmic elements and 4 as their qualities. They are specified by proper numbers. The source of creation ids Chhi in Chinese. It is matter-cum-energy. It is Aether in Greek. Chhi as matter-cum-energy is fractionated as Yin-Yang, Yin means darkness and is represented as black in colour. It represents matter and therapy Earth. Yang means brightness and is represented as white in colour. It represents energy and also Heaven. Chhi=Yin + Yang and potentially Heaven and Earth, the source of creation. According to a system of using 3 lines, whole and broken, creation has been represented as 8 items and called Pa-Kua. Pa=8 and Kua=Design. Then with Yin-Yang and 8 designs representing creation the symbol represents cosmogony and so does the magic square of 3. Figs. 1 and 9 are identical in essence

possible system of tracing germs of diseases to their natural habitats by considering dialecticism and symbiosis

Dialecticism is a system of thought which suggests that if there is an entity there must necessarily be its opposite. Then if there is a disease producing germ the same must have a host to which it is useful. Thus the plague germ is a disease producer because it is thermophylic and marmot living in a cold climate needs such a germ to keep itself warm, naturally acquiring immunity to it. A plasmodium produces "ague" in man and thereby fever. A bat, flying like a bird, is prone to its system being overheated. This is prevented by the malaria germ which then has the bat as its habitat. On jointly considering dialecticism and symbiosis we can trace the original habitats of germs of epidemics and possibly of other infections diseases. So far there has been no system by which such research could be undertaken

concise symbol of cosmogony

The traditional system of representing cosmology has been communicated in [1989]. Here a concise system of entire cosmogony has been depicted

symbol of existence explained in the light of dialecticism

A symbol of Existence has been explained in the light of Dialecticism. It means the original contains its opposite in disguise and the contradiction between the two is dissolved by opposites becoming one. Union of opposites results in production be it as issue or as energized matter. The symbol began with Thai-Chi, the absolute existence, in abstract idea. Such absolute thought contains nothing later it gave rise to an opposite when the two as Light and Darkness or, in Chinese Yang and Yin, became the dual-natured Chi, or energy-cum-matter, the source of Cosmic elements which, in turn, formed the universe including man. Thai-Chi contains nothing. Chhi contains Yin-Yang as opposites and their union leads to production finally of the universe

insect cicadella viridis and its pigments of bacterial origin

The main bacterium produced a reddish colony. A portion of it is enlarged as Fig. 2. It mutated to produce an orange colony shown as Fig. 3. Then another mutant produced a green colony which is shown in Fig. 4. A bacterium producing green colony independently isolated on the same plate as the red one is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 4 reveals that the green coloured colony seen in fig.5. since the red bacterium mutates into a green colony Fig. 5 must have also arisen as a mutant from the red-orange type Figs. 2 and 3. A bacterium independently isolated also produced a green colured edony seen in fig. 5. Since the red bacterium mutates into a green colour producing bacterium, we may conclude that original symbiosis was limited to the red colour producing bacterium, which produced as mutant the green pigment producing bacterium. It is unreasonable to assume that even to begin with the insect carried two bacteria in symbiosis. The present study establishes that symbiotic bacteria produce the main pigments of their hosts. Further that the bacteria reveal mutation, a red pigment producing bacterium can produce a mutant which forms a green coloured colony. The conditions inducing mutations have not been studied