Effect of locus of control on job stress and intent to leave for nurses at Assiut University Hospital

This study aimed to assess the effect of locus of control on Job Stress and intent to leave for nurses working at Assiut Main University Hospital. The study sample consists of staff nurses [306], from all units .Data were collected through assistance of the head nurses by using the demographic data sheet, locus of control sheet, Job stress sheet and intent to leave sheet. The majority of nurses in Assiut Main University Hospital were women with internal locus of control, and complained from high job stress and about one third of them intent to leave the work. There was a highly significant difference between job stress and intent to leave. The most influential items lead to high stress among nurses were related to feeling of responsibility, role conflict and work overload. While items lead to leave work were related to social and personal factors, hospital factors and job content factors. Also only 9.8% from the total subjects connected for further education. Finally the difficult scheduling system is the first factor to change career in nursing while fixed career ladder is considered the last factor. So the study revealed that the relation between job stress and intent to leave is positive. This research recommends that, increase number of nurses, fixable scheduling system, give nurses opportunity to grow, provide a child- care services for staff nurses children, and identify hospital policies to new staff nurses will help in solving the problems

role of lactoferrin supplementation of infant formulas on some physiological and biological parameters in rats

This research was conducted to assess the role of different levels of lactoferrin supplementation in rats diet upon some physiological and biological parameters over four weeks of feeding course. The results could be summerized as follow: 1- Body weight gain, Food intake and Protein efficiency ratio [PER] were increased by increasing the levels of lactoferrin supplementation in the diet. 2- There were slight increase by increasing the levels of lactoferrin on kidney weight and spleen weight, while there was decrease in liver weight by the increasing of lactoferrin level. 3- There was no effect of lactoferrin on creatinine level or serum urea. 4- The results showed that [AST], [ALT] and [ALP] enzymes were increased by the increasing of lactoferrin levels, while total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides and phospholipids were decreased by increasing of lactoferrin but there was increase in HDL-Cholesterol compared with control. 5- There were decrease in liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and HDL-cholesterol by increase of lactoferrin levels in the diet compared with control. 6- Concerning serum minerals, there were increase in serum Ca, phosphorus, Mg, Iron, ferritin and serum Zinc levels, by the increasing of lactoferrin levels. 7- All of ingested bovine lactoferrin levels had no effect on the glycemic state of all examined rats. 8- Level of hemoglobin increased by increasing lactoferrin levels in the diet. The same finding about hematocrite

Antidiabetic influence of dietary silymarin in streptozotoncin induced diabetic rats

Silymarin was examined for a possible anti-diabetic influence in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. A period of eight weeks dietary regimen containing silymarin powder [1.25%] was found to be remarkably beneficial, as indicated by reduction in hyperglycaemia and glucosuria in diabetic rats fed silymarin-supplemented diet. This was also accompanied by slight improvement in body weights of diabetic animals kept on the silymarin diet. Dietary silymarin also countered other metabolic alterations as revealed by lowering blood urea level and reducing excretions of urea and creatinine of diabetic animals. Our obtained results indicated also that incorporation of silymarin did not change the daily food intake by all of examined four rat groups. In addition, urine volume over the experimental period was a progressive decreased in diabetic rat supplemented with silymarin than control diabetic rats fed silymarin-free diet. Also, plasma albumin, urea and creatinine were significantly countered [P<0.01] by silymarin feeding in diabetic rats rather than control diabetic group

Photochemical synthesis and antimicrobial activities of 1 -phenyl-3-[2-thienyl]-pyrazoline derivatives

Irradiation of 2-phenyl-5-[2-thienyi]-tetrazole 1 with acrylate derivatives 2A-E [molar ratio 1:1] in anhydrous benzene gave the corresponding title compounds 1-phenyl-3-[2-thienyl]-pyrazoline derivatives 4A-E as end products. The mechanism and the regiochemistry of the studied reactions are discussed

Effect of dietary phytoestrogen; genistein; an improvement of the immunity and other biochemical indices of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

This study was set performed to investigate the effect of feeding alloxan-induced diabetic rats with experimental diets containing genistein at different levels [2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg diet] on serum glucose level, lipid profile, immunoglobulins [IgG, IgM and IgA], T-lymphocytes CD+4 and CD+8, potential hepatic and renal antioxidant activity as well as body weight gain and daily food intake. The study concluded that dietary genistein displays a range of physiological functions, which may be of multiple health benefits in diabetes, as an inhibitor of intestinal glucose uptake and preventive agent for glucose-induced lipid peroxidation

Insulin resistance and reduced nocturnal fall of blood pressure as risk factors for atherosclerosis in salt sensitive hypertension

Recent studies reported that salt sensitive [SS] hypertensive models are more susceptible to atherosclerotic complications than non-salt sensitive [NSS], and some other studies showed that a link may exist between salt sensitivity, reduced nocturnal fall of blood pressure and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to confirm these findings and to study the possible role of insulin resistance and reduced nocturnal fall of blood pressure in the suspected increase of atherosclerotic complications in SS hyertensive patients. This study was carried out on 26 patients with essential hypertension classified as 12 SS and 14 NSS. SS patients were at a significantly higher risk of being non-dippers than NSS [OR=11, 95% CI=1.35-114.75] and there was a significant negative correlation between salt sensitivity index [SSI] and nocturnal fall of blood pressure during high salt intake [r=-0.61, p<0.001]. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between SSI and both insulin resistance index [IRI] and insulin level during high salt intake [r=0.623, p<0.001 and r=0.621, p<0.001 respectively] and a significant negative correlation between nocturnal fall of blood pressure and both IRI and insulin level during high salt intake [r=0.517, p<0.01 and r=-0.486, p<0.05 respectively]. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure was preserved in SS patients during low salt intake and IRI and insulin level were significantly lower in SS patients during low salt intake compared to that during high salt intake [3.57 +/- 1.02 versus 5.64 +/- 1.67 and 15.92 +/- 3.82 micro lU/mL versus 23.5 +/- 5.99 micro lU/mL]. Carotid intima-media thickness [IMT] was significantly higher in SS patients compared to NSS [0.84 +/- 0.21 mm versus 0.65 +/- 0.16 mm] [p<0.05] and there was a significant positive correlation between carotid IMT and both IRI and insulin level [r=0.773, p<0.001 and r=0.700, p<0.001 respectively] and a significant negative correlation between carotid IMT and nocturnal fall of blood pressure [r=-0530, p<0.01]. It was concluded that insulin resistance, salt induced increase in blood pressure and reduced nocturnal fall of blood pressure are associated with each other in patients with essential hypertension. Insulin resistance and reduced nocturnal fall of blood pressure are closely related to atherosclerotic complications in hypertensive patients and are implicated, at least in part, in the increased atherosclerotic complications in SS patients. Dietary salt restriction can cause improvement of insulin sensitivity in SS patients and shift of circadian blood pressure rhythm from a non-dipper to dipper pattern

Insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in chronic hepatitis [C] patients with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is associated more with HCV chronic liver disease than in the general population and in the other types of chronic liver disease. The increased incidence of diabetes in HCV patients might be related to an autoimmune process produced by the virus or the virus itself has a cytopathic effect on the pancreatic beta clells. The aim of this work was to study the plasma basal insulin level and the seropositivity against glutamic acid decarboxylase [GADA] - an islet cell cytoplasmic antigen. Patients: the study was carried out on 45 patients categorized into 3 equal groups. Group I included 15 diabetic patient with HCV chronic liver disease, Group II included 15 diabetic patients with chronic liver disease which is not related to HCV, Group III included 15 non diabetic patients with HCV chronic liver disease. All patients were selected to be matched regarding age, sex and sevirity of liver disease. The results showed that basal insulin level [22.4 +/- 23.1 micro IU/ml in group I, 21.6 +/- 23.8 micro IU/ml in group II, and 8.8 +/- 6.4 micro IU/ml in group III] were significantly higher in the diabetic patients [GI and GII] compared to the non diabetic [GIII] [P<0.01]. The insulin resistance index as calculated by HOMA equation [9.6 +/- 7.9 in group I, 9.2 +/- 10.3 in group II and 2.4 +/- 1.2 in group III], were also significantly higher in the diabetic groups [p < 0.01]. Seropositivity for [GADA] was 9/15 [60%] of patients of groups I and III and 3/15 [20%] of patients of group II. We concluded that diabetes mellitus associated with HCV chronic liver disease in characterized hyperinsulinaemia and increased insulin resistance. There may be a role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes in HCV chronic liver disease. Follow up of the non diabetic HCV patients with positive GADA for development of diabetes is recommended

Evaluation of some chemical, antibacterial and biological properties of fresh and refrigerated Royal Jelly

Fresh and refrigerated royal jelly samples were examined to evaluate their chemical composition, antibacterial properties and biological effect. The results indicated that a major component of all tested samples was moisture; the range measured was 59.4-66.5%. Whereas, for protein, the range measured was 12.8-15.1%, for fats 7.9-9.9%, for carbohydrates 11.0-12.3% and for ash 0.9-1.5%. Potassium was the most abundant element rather calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorus. Measured amounts of vitamins in fresh samples were 6.3, 7.1, 12.4, 8.3 and 3.2 ug/g for vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6 and C, respectively. Storage of royal jelly under refrigeration conditions could not alter significantly either chemical composition or antibacterial activities except acidity of tested samples, which undergoes noticeable elevation fructose representing the major sugar fraction [52.6%-54.4%] followed by glucose and sucrose [28.6%-29.6 and 8.0%-8.6%, respectively]. Proline, lysine, arginine, glutamic and aspartic acids were the major amino acids present, while tryptophane was not detected. The antibacterial activities of royal jelly appeared at 25% [aqueous solution] and above concentrations. Royal jelly had a clear effect on the reduction of blood cholesterol and the increase of blood hemoglobin in the tested rats

Effect of alpha I adrenergic receptor inhibitors on lipid pattern in hypertensive patients

In a trial to evaluate the effect of the selective post synaptic alpha I adrenergic inhibitor [Doxazosin] on lipid profile, this study was conducted on 50 patients with essential hypertension 35 females and 15 males. Our results showed a highly statistically significant drop of total lipids, total cholesterol, total triglyceride and VLDLc levels. The mean High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol HDLc level at the end of our trial unexpectedly showed statistically non significant drop. However, on comparing the HDLc total cholesterol ratio before and after the selective post synaptic alpha I adrenergic inhibitor, there was a statistically significant increase. Also the total cholesterol/ HDLc ratio [risk factor I] showed a statistically highly significant drop after the use the selective post synaptic alpha I adrenergic inhibitor. LDLc/ HDLc ratio [risk factor II] showed also a statistically highly significant drop after therapy with the same drug. A possible explanation for the lack of increase in HDL cholesterol level in this study may be the short duration of the trial

Splenic volume measured by sonography as a new better index for diagnosis of splenomegaly

Since the introduction of sonography as a mean for diagnosis of splenic abnormalities, the traditional method to diagnose splenomegaly was essentiaIIy dependant upon estimating its log axis. A new [original] method was used in this study to determine the splenic size [volume] as a more accurate assessment of splenic enlargement in borderline cases with a long axis of 10-12 cm. The calculation of splenic volume was possible depending upon a built in function of the sonographic device Sonoline [Siemens] with the B-mode sector and liner transducer [3.5 M.Hz.]. This work was conducted on two groups of cases:1. First group without clinical splenomegaly: A. A spleen with a long axis less than 10 cm. as determined sonographically [101] cases. B. Another sub-group with a long axis more than 10. cm but less than 12 cm [65 cases] .2 Second group of cases included patients with definite splenomegaly as detected clinically and/or long axis of more than 12 cm. as determined sonographically [15 cases]. All cases were subjected to full history, physical examination and necessary laboratory tests to diagnose the etiology of splenomegaly. All cases were studied sonographically for the long axis of the spleen and splenic volume. A value of l53.36 cm +/- 58.29 was found to be a measure of normal splenic volume. In borderline cases with a long axis of 10-12 cm where splenomegaly was not diagnosed sonographically with the traditional method, the splenic volume was found significantly bigger than normal value of splenic volume obtained in this study and it was concluded that this measurement is a more accurate diagnostic tool for diagnosis of splenomegaly in cases where sonographic splenomegaly is doubtful

Study of standard leukocytic count in Egyptian adults

Although leucocytic count. whether total or differential, has been given figures in all textbooks, yet variations are known to occur with race, age and sex. This work aimed at shedding some light on the standard leucocyte values of Egyptian adults, while comparing those of males and females. To achieve this aim, 240 apparently normal Egyptian adults were studied and subdivided into 2 equal groups, the first including 120 males and the second 120 females. Total and differential leucocytic count was done for each member of each group, and the results were tabulated and statistically analysed .It was concluded that the mean total leucocytic count in Egyptian adults was lower than that of Europeans, and close to that observed in Orientals, yet higher than that of Negroes. The mean neutrophil count showed similar results. Comparing both groups, the total leucocytic count was significantly higher in females than in males due to a highly significant difference in the neutrophil count. It is hoped that a more extensive study be performed covering different age groups and socioeconomic standards and extending to rural and suburban areas to screen a larger sector of the population in order to deduce more precise normal Egyptian values

Study of the effect of exercise and alpha adrenergic blockers on lipids and lipo-pattern in normals and hypertensive patients

This study included 60 adults; 30 normotensive subjects and 30 patients with mild hypertension [diastolic B.P. 95-105 mm Hg] who were free of medical conditions that would contraindicate vigorous exercise and not taking medications that would influence plasma lipids. All participants were instructed to maintain their normal diet and not to change smoking habits, and non of them were alcoholic. Using a fixed dose of 0.5 mg prazosin HCL t.i.d. and standard regular physical exercise program of walking for 30 minutes daily the trial population were divided into 4 groups: Group I and Ill: included 15 normotensive subjects [group I] and other 15 hypertensive patients [group III]. Each participant received prazosin for 3 weeks then exercise program was added for further 3 weeks. Group II and IV; included 15 normotensive subjects [group II] and 15 hypertensive patients [group IV]. Each participant followed the exercise program for 3 weeks then prazosin administration was added for further 3 weeks. In normotensive subjects physical exercise alone showed a significant reduction of TG level and significant elevation of HDLc levels. While prazosin alone could not change their plasma lipids and lipoprotein pattern significantly. On the other hand in hypertensive patients prazosin alone in a dose of 0.5 mg t.i.d. reduced significantly LDLc levels. Also the combination of physical exercise and prazosin administration in normotensive and hypertensive subjects has an additive antiatherogenic effect on plasma lipids and lipoprotein pattern

Emphysema and emphyema of the guttural pouch in donkeys

Four cases of guttural pouch empyema and three cases of emphysema were diagnosed in donkeys on clinical and radiological bases. To get detailed information about the guttural pouch area, 5 heads were dissected. All the adopted medicinal and surgical treatments yielded unsatisfactory results

Effect of propranolol and spironolactone on body weight, extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid sodium, urinary sodium and total urine output per 24 hours in chronic liver diseases

Ascites is one of the most common complications of chronic liver diseases and usually requires frequent and often prolonged hospitalization. Increased renal tubular sodiumreabsorption is the predominant mechanism. Activation of renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system and of the sympathetic nervous system play important roles in this process. Aldosterone would help reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal and collecting tubules. Spironolactone is a known drug that antagonizes the effect of aldosterone in these segments. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in reduction of the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, increase in sodium and water reabsorption from the different nephron segments and increase in renal synthesis and release of renin. Propranolol is a non selective beta adrenoreceptor blocking drug that will block the effects of overactive sympathetic nervous system. Again, propranolol will inhibit activation of renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system, added to its known portal hypotensive effect. In this work, the effect of combined therapy of spironolactone and propranolol for 14 days on body weight, daily urine output, urinary sodium was studied on 10 non azotaemic patients with chronic liver disease and ascites. Results of this work showed a highly significant increase in urinary sodium and a significant increase in daily urine output after therapy. The body weight, intracellular sodium and extracellular sodium showed an insignificant change after therapy with spironolactone and propranolol in combination. According to the results obtained in this work, we recommend the usage of spironolactone and propranolol combination with or without other lines of therapy in treating non azotaemic patients with chronic liver disease and ascites

Study of tissue prostaglandins in patients with peptic ulceration

The relationship between tissue prostaglandins and peptic ulcer has been well documented. Its exact nature remains unclear. It has centered on a possible relationship between the cystoprotection of the gastroduodenal mucosa and prostaglandins, and between the increase of HCI secretion, this has not been fully documented. Recent medical experience suggests that an awareness of the association between peptic ulcer and prostaglandins may increase the yield of healing of peptic ulcer. In the present work, prostaglandins [PGE 2, 6-keto PGF 1, and TXB 2] were studied in patients with peptic ulcer. The study was performed on 19 patients with peptic ulcer and 18 control subjects. A biopsy from the edge of the ulcer as well as from the healthy mucous membrane at least 5 cm away from the ulcer was obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of the prostaglandins [PGE 2, 6-keto PGF 1, and TXB 2]. The study showed that PGE 2 was highly increased at the edge of the ulcer than in the mucous membrane 5 cm away from the ulcer and in normal control subjects. This increase of PGE 2 in the edge of the ulcer is to help proliferation of the mucous membrane to cover the ulcer and to protect it from the acidity. In the same study, we found that 6-keto PGF 1 was increased at the edge of the ulcer more than in the healthy tissue. And as it is known, the 6-keto PGF 1 is the stable from of PGI 2 which is secreted from the wall of the blood vessels. This increase of 6-keto PGF 1 will help also in the cytoprotection of the gastric mucosa and its proliferation to cover the ulcer from the attack by HCL. Also in this study, we found that TXB 2, which is produced by the tissue platlets, was less at the edge of the ulcer than in the other healthy tissue. This study showed that there is an important relationship between prostaglandins and peptic ulcer, since the change of the amount of the produced prostaglandins may increase the incidence of peptic ulcer or may help in he healing process of peptic ulcer