Construction of an iss deleted mutant strain from a native avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78: K80 and in vitro serum resistance evaluation of mutant

Colibacillosis, caused by different serotypes of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli [APEC], is one of the important diseases in poultry industry. The isolate O78 is the most prevalent serotype of APEC in Iran. One of the APEC virulence factors, increased serum survival [iss] gene, is related to serum resistance. The usual form of colibacillosis in avian is extraintestinal, and serum resistance is applied one way by APEC to reach internal organs; hence, it appears that the control of colibacillosis in poultry regarding the deletion of iss and the construction of a serum sensitive APEC strain is beneficial. Additionally, the knowledge about APEC serum resistance could be extended using mutant strains. The present study was an attempt to generate an iss mutant strain from native APEC-O78 strain |c|1378 and to study the level of serum resistance of native APEC-O78 strain c1378 in comparison with its mutant [APEC-O78 strain c1378|D|iss]. The lambda red recombinase system was utilized to delete iss gene in native APEC-O78 strain c1378. This strain was first transformed with the plasmid pkD46 to introduce the lambda red recombinase system and then the PCR product with sequence homology to the iss gene and a kanamycin resistance marker was transformed into the APEC-O78 strain c1378. Serum sensitivity of mutant and wild type strain was investigated by microtiter test. The generation of mutant was successful and the iss was replaced with kanamycin resistance cassette. Also, it was observed that the mutant was sensitive to serum. However, serum sensitivity of iss deleted mutant was not statistically different from its parents. Application of lambda red recombination could be a simple and useful technique for production of a precisely defined gene deletion. Also, there may be some genes that compensate the activity of iss gene

Comparison of antibacterial effect of fluoride and chlorhexidine on two cariogenic bacteria: an in vitro study

Dental plaque is the main source for dental caries and there is no proper vaccine that can affect dental plaques. Daily use of an efficient anti-plaque product can be very beneficial in plaque control and, thus, prevention of caries. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effects of four products of Chlorhexidine and Fluoride on two types of cariogenic bacteria. In this in vitro study, the antibacterial effect of Chlorhexidine and Fluoride [gel and solution] against Streptococci Sanguis and Sobrinus was evaluated. Chlorhexidine gluconate 1% gel [Corosodyl, France], Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% solution [Consepsis, Ultradent, US], Sodium fluoride 0.2% solution [Oral-B, US] and Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride 1.23% gel [Denti-Care, Canada] were used. The disc diffusion method was used for testing bacterial sensitivity. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and Chi-square test.In comparison with the negative control, each of the four gels and solutions showed antibacterial effects but the effects were not statistically significant for fluoride solution [P=0.217]. For S. Sobrinus, the mean diameter of inhibition zone around the discs coated with fluoride gel [F g], fluoride solution [F s], Chlorhexidine gel [CHX g] and Chlorhexidine solution [CHX s] were 19, 9, 21.5 and 27.5mm, respectively. For S. Sanguis, the mean diameter of inhibition zone around the discs coated with F g, F s, CHX g and CHX s were 17, 11, 17 and 25mm, respectively. CHX s had the most effect on both bacteria and F s had the least. CHX g and F g were less effective than CHX s, respectively. The results demonstrated that 2% CHX s and 1.23% F g can be effective on inhibition of the growth of some of cariogenic bacteria. Therefore, these agents can be used in the prevention of Early Childhood Caries

[ effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of eugenia caryophyllata on formalin induced pain in male rats]

Pain is an unpleasant sensation experience that motivates when tissues are damaged or threatened. Therefore, humans have always tried to discover how to struggle against it. Nowadays people willing to use plant drugs more than chemical drugs, because chemical drugs have detrimental side effects. In this research we studied the analgesic effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllata. In this study 70 NMRI adult male rats [250 - 350 g] were randomly divided into 10 groups. In four groups of rats Aqueous extract, and in other four groups hydroalcoholic extract was injected IP at doses, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The 9[th] group treated with normal saline, and the last group" sham positive" received methylsalicylate [300 mg/kg]. In order to evaluate analgesic effect, the formalin test was used. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract in comparing with normal saline decrease the pain in both parts of formalin test especially in the first 5 and 10 minutes [p<0.05]. Also the results showed that the aqueous extract had analgesic effects at all doses, and the most effective doses was 100 mg/kg doses. In this research was defined the analgesic effect of methylsalicylate was better than both of extracts. The results suggested that at least a part of analgesic effect of Eugenia caryophyllata can be attributed to its methylsalicylate, and eugenol

Smoking and asthma in 20-44-yearold adults in Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran

To investigate the prevalence of smoking, asthma and asthma-related symptoms in relation to age, sex and smoking behaviour in Urmia, we carried out a cross-sectional study in 2004 using the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease questionnaire, which includes some questions on smoking. We surveyed 2987 adults aged 20-44 years. Prevalence of wheeze, breathlessness with wheezing, asthma attack, use of asthma medication and nasal allergy were 4.8%, 3.3%, 1.2%, 1.1%, and 16.0% respectively. Current smokers comprised 16.4% of participants. Prevalence of asthma symptoms was significantly greater in smokers than non-smokers. Rates for asthma diagnosis and asthma medication were lower than the European Community Respiratory Health Survey median

effect of environmental pH on the setting of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

One of the materials used for repairing root-end fillings is mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA]. MTA has been reported to remain soft when placed in perforations with a high degree of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental pH on the setting and micro structure of MTA. In this interventional study, tooth-colored MTA [Pro Root, Dentsply, USA] was mixed according to the manufactures instructions. The mixture was placed into cylindrical polycarbonate tubes. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 9 and were subjected to a pressure of 3.22 Mpa - 6kg applied for 1 minute in a custom-made condenser device. Each of the 9 specimens were then stored at room temperature and saturated humidity in four plastic plates containing buffer solutions of butyric and propyonic acid with a pH of 4.4, 5.4, 6.4 and 7.4, for 4 days. The Vickers hardness test was performed on each specimen. The microstructures of the specimens were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope after sectioning the specimens with a scalpel. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The lowest and highest pH values were 4.4 and 7.4, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between all four groups [p<0.05]. Unreacted MTA particles scattered in a non uniform matrix were seen in specimens stored in pH 4.4 solutions whereas cases kept in a pH 7.4 environment had distinctive crystalline structures embedded in a more uniform matrix. The results indicate that the acidic pH of inflamed tissues can adversely affect the setting of MTA

Comparision of the efficacy of nebulized l-epinephrine, salbutamol and normal saline in acute bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial

Acute bronchiolitis is the most common form of lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. There are numerous contradictory reports regarding the efficacy of nebulized bronchodilators in the management of infants with acute bronchiolitis. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of nebulized epinephrine with salbutamol for treatment of the disease.In a randomized clinical trial, 72 infants with moderately severe bronchiolitis were enrolled in three equal groups. Three doses of epinephrine, salbutamol, and normal saline as a placebo nebulized with oxygen were given at 20 minute intervals. Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and distress were recorded before intervention and 10 minutes after each dose of the drugs.At the end of the study, pre- and post-treatment mean oxygen saturation values, clinical scores and respiratory rates showed significant differences between the epinephrine and salbutamol groups in comparison with the placebo group. The results were more significant in the epinephrine group than other groups. After the treatment course 66%, 50%, and 25% of patients in epinephrine, salbutamol, and placebo groups respectively showed significant improvement at a degree that they could be sent home. No serious side effects were observed.Both nebulized epinephrine and salbutamol improved oxygenation and decreased respiratory distress better than normal saline. L-epinephrint was more effective in relieving respiratory distress and improving oxygen saturation as well as the need for hospitalization than nebulized salbutamol

Evaluation o androgen and progesterone levels in women with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia along with its complications seems to be one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Despite numerous studies, the pathology of preeclampsia has not yet been fully elucidated. This study, therefore, determines whether maternal serum levels of androgen and progesterone are higher in patients with preeclampsia than in matched control subjects. Serum progesterone, free and total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone levels were measured in 19 women in their third trimester of pregnancy having preeclampsia, as patient group, and in 17 healthy normotensive pregnant women, as control group, with similar maternal and gestational ages. All women were primigravida with singleton pregnancy. There were no significant differences between the two groups in body mass index, maternal and gestational ages. Progesterone and free testosterone levels were significantly lower [P<0.01] in patients [75.1 +/- 8.6 ng/dl and 2.27 +/- 1.74 pg/dl] than of control group [111.6 +/- 9.71 ng/dl and 3.73 +/- 1.31 pg/dl]. Whereas, the levels of total testosterone [1.02 +/- 0.10 ng/dl vs. 1.37 +/- .019ng/dl] and dehydroepiandrosterone [0.99 +/- 0.13 micro g/dl vs. 0.98 +/- 5.15 micro g/dl] of patients and control groups were not significantly different. Levels of progesterone were pathologically and statistically lower in preeclampsia than of control women with similar age, gestational age and body mass index. It seems that accentuate increase sex hormone binding globulin is the cause of deceased free testosterone in preeclampsia

Effect of massage on reducing pain and anxiety during labour

Labour pain is one of the most severe forms of pain that each women may experience during her life. Severe pain makes stress response with harmful effects on both mother, and her fetus. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of massage therapy on relieving pain and its harmful sequel such as anxiety during labour. This clinical trial was performed on sixty nulliparous women selected randomly who were expected to have a normal childbirth in the Jiroft city hospital. Cases were randomly assigned to experimental [n=30] and control [n=30] groups. The experimental group received massage intervention. The nurse-rated Present Behavioral Intensity [PBI] was used as a measure of labour pain. Anxiety was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety [VASA]. The intensity of pain and anxiety between these two groups were compared in the latent phase [cervix dilated 3-4cm], active phase [cervix dilated 5-7cm] and transitional phase [cervix dilated 8-10cm] of labour. In both groups, there was an increase in pain intensity and anxiety level as labor progressed. Results of T-test analysis demonstrated that the experiment group had significantly lower pain reaction in all three phases [Phase1 P=0.000, Phase2 P=0.002, Phase3 P=0.000] and anxiety levels were significantly different between two groups only in latent phase [P=0.00]. Eighty seven percent [n=26] of cases in experimental group expressed that massage was helpful, provided pain relief and psychological support during labour [P<0.40]. Our findings suggest that massage is a cost effective nursing intervention that can decrease pain and anxiety during labour and nurses intervention to perform massage could have positive effect on delivery experience. It is suggested that massage be used for decreasing pain and anxiety during labour