Gp96 rich lysate as a vaccine candidate against infection with salmonella typhimurium

Glycoprotein 96 is the primary chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum. Immunization with it induced potent Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to intracellular bacteria. S. typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium and acquired resistance against this bacterium mainly depends on activity of Cytotoxic T cells. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of Glycoprotein 96 rich lysate as a vaccine candidate to induce a protective immune response in mice against a lethal dose challenge with Salmonella typhimurium. Mice were infected with S. typhimurium. Then their spleens and livers were harvested and homogenized and the protein content of whole crude lysate was enriched using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis transfer method was used for enrichment of the protein from crude sample. Immunoblotting was conducted to detect Glycoprotein 96. Isoelectric point was achieved through the use of isoelectric focusing. PBS and whole crude lysate [from uninfected and infected mice] were injected to mice of test group, mice of control-1 group and mice of control-2 group, respectively, on days 0 and 14. Twenty-one days after the last immunization, the LD50 and bacterial loads of livers and spleens were determined. Immunization with Glycoprotein 96 rich lysate isolated from livers and spleens of S. typhimurium-infected mice induced protection against infection by S. typhimurium. Also, the bacterial burden of livers and spleens in mice that received gp96 rich lysate significantly decreased when compared to that of mice in the control groups

Immune response to measles vaccine after mass vaccination in Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran

We investigated the effectiveness of the mass measles vaccination campaign in Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran, by examining the measles IgG seroprevalence and antibody response from paired data before and after the campaign. The overall seropositive rate of 624 subjects aged 5-25 years increased 1 year after the mass vaccination [from 53.0% to 72.3%]. A rise in antibody titre occurred in all age groups except the 21-25 years group, which had the highest titre before mass vaccination. On logistic regression analysis, only immune status prior to vaccination was significantly associated with the seroresponse. It may be cost-effective to check antibody titres before mass vaccinations, especially in high vaccine coverage regions with circulating wild virus

[Anti-giardia activity of carum copticum on giardia lamblia cysts in vitro]

Giardiasis, a wide-spread, small intestine parasitic infection, is one of the main causes of human diarrhea, especially in young children. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia was reported to be between 1 and 25 percent; however, it is considerably higher under poor sanitary conditions. Metronidazole is used for the treatment of Giardiasis but it may have undesirable side effects. Carum copticum, a medicinal herb, has been used for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal effects for centuries. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro effects of alcoholic extract, and essential oil from Carum copticum on Giardia lamblia. In this experimental study, Giardia lamblia cysts were incubated with the two different extracts of Carum copticum under standard laboratory conditions. After 60 minutes Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations [MIC] of Carum copticum alcoholic extracts and essential oil were 100 mg and 8 mg/ml, respectively. After 120 minutes, MIC of Carum copticum alcoholic extracts and essential oil were 75 mg and 6 mg/ml, respectively; and after 180 minute MIC of Carum copticum alcoholic extracts and essential oil were 75 and 4 mg/ml, respectively. Findings of this study indicate that Carum copticum is effective against Giardia lamblia in vitro

[Assessing the abrasive ability of three different domestic pediatric toothpastes]

The abrasive quality of children's toothpaste has long been the concern of dental professionals. On the other hand, manufacturers have tried to improve the quality and establish ingredient standards. This study was designed to compare the abrasiveness of three locally produced toothpastes, namely Darugar, Pooneh and Kam with Oral-B standard. This experimental study was conducted using 24 samples of composite blocks imbedded in acrylic material. The weight of each specimen was measured by a digital scale at 0.0001gr accuracy. Each specimen was brushed with 200gr force along with the selected tooth paste solutions using V8 cross brushing machine. The weight of each specimen was measured after 5000, 10000, 15000 and 20000 strokes. The mean weight-loss as well as their standard deviations were calculated for each group. The collected data was then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. No significant difference was detected between four types of toothpastes after 5000 and 10000 strokes. However, significant differences were observed between Darugar toothpaste and the rest [Kam, Pooneh and Oral-B] after 15000 and 20000 strokes. Darugar pediatric toothpaste showed higher abrasive rate when compared with other toothpastes. The amount of wear was shown to be similar in Kam, Pooneh and Oral-B

Measles IgG sero-prevalence and its attributable factors in 5-25-year-old cases prior mass vaccination campaign in Urmia, northeastern Iran

Measles is a vaccine preventable infectious disease. Despite the widespread availability of an effective measles vaccine, the number of measles cases is noticeable in Iran. Because measles -specific antibody titer after vaccination is lower than after natural infection there is a concern that vaccinated persons may gradually lose protection from measles. This study was performed to examine the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody, participants with documented history of vaccination were assessed to determine the sero-prevalence and titer of measles antibody. This study was carried out in Urmia. Iran. Documented history of at least a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine [at 9 or 15 month of age] was the inclusion criteria. Blood was collected from 835 subjects between 5 and 25 years old. The sera were tested for anti-measles IgG antibodies, by ELISA [IBL Germany]. Associations between predictive factors such as demographic data, vaccination status [once or twice] with IgG sero prevalence in routine vaccinated subjects were investigated by logistic regression analysis. The antibody titers in 54.76% of cases were in the range of protective level [IgG>12IU]. The mean of antibody titer significantly increased after the 16th year of life. The antibody titers were higher in participants who received one dose of measles vaccine in comparison with the persons who received a booster of measles vaccine. Antibody titers were slightly higher in men than in women. On multiple logistic regression analysis, of all variables examined, only vaccination status retained a significant association with antimeasles sero-positivity rate [estimated odds ratio = 0.395 95% CI = 0.214-0.859, P<0.05]. Elevation of antibody titer many years after vaccination is most likely due to boosting effect from repeated exposure to circulating wild virus resulting in unapparent or sub-clinical re-infection. This group of persons would be the most likely to support viral transmission in the absence of disease

Evaluation of various characteristics of Plastalgin alginate according to International ISO Standards and ADA specifications

Alginate is one of the most widely used impression materials in dentistry. Currently, a variety of alginates are available on the market. Quality control should be performed for all dental materials used in Iran. The aim of the present study was to evaluate several parameters of Plastalgin alginate [Made in France] according to the currently valid international standard for dental alginate impression materials. The studied parameters were: working time, setting time, compressive strength, permanent deformation and strain in compression. All factors associated with packaging were also evaluated. All tests were performed in accordane with ISO or ADA standards and 6 specimens were employed for each test. The working time of Plastalgin was within standard limits and the mean setting time was found to be 2 minutes and 28 seconds. The strain in compression, permanent deformation and mean compressive strength was 7/35%, 3/25% and 0/74 Mpa, respectively. Our findings did not confirm the information listed on the Plastalgin[R] packages. The investigated parameters were in accordance with ISO standards, except for permanent deformation. Our findings did not correspond with the information written on the packages. Further studies are required to determine the properties of this material

Evaluation and comparison of the flow of five modeling waxes according to ADA specifications

When using improper recording materials during the fabrication of dentures, the whole process could be compromised in spite of the precision administered during the rest of the procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the flow of Pars Wax, Azardent, Crystal and Asia Wax with the Dental Modelling Wax Detry [Manufactured in Dentsply] according to standard indices of ADA, specification no. 24. All flow tests were conducted in accordance with the corresponding ADA specifications. Two samples of each wax [10 mm wide x 6mm high] were prepared. A force of 19.6N [2kg] was applied on each specimen at three different temperatures: 23, 37 and 45°C. The geometric changes were accurately measured with a micrometer and compared to those obtained prior to the tests. The ratios of the dimensions after force application to the initial dimensions were determined. Based on these ratios, wax flows were compared to standard indices. The amount of flow at 23°C and 45°C, obtained for all studied waxes was in accordance with the corresponding standard values, proposed by ADA. However, at 37°C the flow of none of the studied waxes was in the range of the ADA standards. Considering that the tested waxes demonstrated conflicting results at different temperatures when compared with the standard values, further investigation using different batch numbers is suggested

evaluation on the bonding strength of three types of Iranian denture teeth with denture acrylic base as compared with Ivoclar

Acrylic resins are nowadays widely used in denture teeth and denture bases. The quality of these materials are mostly judged based on their physical-mechanical and chemical properties. The goal of this study was to compare the bonding strengths of Ideal-Makoo, Acrydent, Acradent and Ivoclar denture teeth with acrylic bases according to ISO 3336 standard. In order to compare different groups based on the standards, six anterior teeth of each set should be evaluated. Following samples comparison with the standards, the number of samples should be increased. Totally, 120 Samples were examined in the present study [n=30]. Having the samples being fixed on the mold, tensile bond strength test was performed using universal testing machine [made By HOUNSFIELD. H 10 KS company]. The fracture force was recorded and analysed by one-way ANOVA test. The average bonding strength of most of the teeth were within the standard range and could fulfill patients' needs. According to ANOVA analysis [P=0.049], there were significant differences in the applied forces between four groups. Ivoclar showed the minimum force. The mean tensile forces of Iranian teeth were similar and almost 34% more than Ivoclar teeth