ABSTRACT
By application of case in phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] as are mineralizing agent, it may be feasible to only remove the carious dentin and better preserve the tooth structure. This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength of composite to primary enamel treated with CPP-ACP using total etch and self etch bonding systems. This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 96 sound primary teeth randomly divided into 12 groups [n=8]. Four groups were demineralized and the rest remained sound. All the specimens were subjected to pH cycling. Then, GC-Tooth Mousse was applied on their surfaces. Composite resin was bonded using Clear fil SE Bond self-etch or Single Bond total-etch bonding systems. The bond strength of the specimens was measured by Instron machine and the mode of fracture was assessed by a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA and chi-square test. In the total etch system, the bond strength of demineralized group was significantly higher than that of sound group [P=0.009].This difference in self etch system was not significant [P=0.928]. The CPP-ACP remineralizing agent decreased the bond strength in total etch and increased the bond strength in self etch group [P=0.032 and P=0.018, respectively]. No difference was observed in the mode of fracture of the two bonding systems.GC Tooth Mousse decreased the bond strength to composite in total etch and increased it in self etch group. Higher bond strength to composite can be achieved in teeth with white spot lesions when total etch system is used
ABSTRACT
The hospital personnel and staff preparedness and their knowledge about hazards, disasters and also disaster management are effective in disaster management during an earthquake. The present study aims to study the vulnerability of a military hospital against earthquake in Tehran. In this descriptive field study, questionnaire [with 18 open questions] was distributed among 30 staff of hospital. Then, the answers were studied and analyzed definitely. Non-structural components were evaluated with the checklist. About 83% of respondents have declared that there is no warning system in hospital in time of disaster. About 50% of staff have announced that the hospital has a protective system. 70% of respondents have believed some items are necessary such as: learning how to deal quickly; how to retrofit non-structural components; and how to cooperate with relief workers dealing with disaster. Most of respondents thought that there should be a resistant room or parking outside the hospital as a temporary housing. Unexpected disasters headquarter and disaster management organizational chart are considered as strength points and lack of some structural and nonstructural standards are as the weak points in the mentioned hospital. There are some other weak and strength points in hospital despite having committee of unexpected disasters and disaster management organizational chart. Although, there are some opportunities outside the hospital, many external threats may increase the hospital problems in time of disasters