Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium against a field-collected strain of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) has been recognized as a serious health problem throughout the world. Control failures due to insecticide resistance and chemical contamination of environment have led some researchers focus on the other alternative strategy controls. Microbial insecticides such as those containing entomopathogenic fungi could be of high significance. Lecanicillium muscarium and Beauveria bassiana grow naturally in soils throughout the world and act as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease. Thus, these two species could be considered as entomopathogenic fungi. The current study conducted to evaluate the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium against German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Conidial formulations of L. muscarium (PTCC 5184) and B. bassiana (PTCC5197) were prepared in aqueous suspensions with Tween 20. Bioassays were performed using two methods including submersion of cockroaches in conidial suspension and baiting. Data were analyzed by Probit program and LC50 and LC90 were estimated. The obtained results indicated that both fungi species were toxic against German cockroach however; Beauveria bassiana was significantly 4.8 fold more toxic than L. muscarium against German cockroach using submersion method.

[ relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction and job burn-out among the employees in Tabriz University]

In the organization environment, staffs are under the neurotic and mental pressures that would have many adverse effects on their performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational culture, job satisfaction and job burn-out among the employees in Tabriz University. The method of this research was descriptive-analytic. The research sample consisted of 106 subjects who were chosen through the stratified random sampling. All participants completed the Hofsted Organizational Culture Questionnaire [HOCQ] and Job Descriptive Index [JDI] and Maslach Burnout Inventory [MBI]. The results of the survey were analyzed by Pearson correlation method and T-test. Obtained results indicated that the kind of Organizational Culture in Tabriz university was rational culture; in addition, the job satisfaction was not different between three kinds of organizational cultures [p>0.05], but, the job burn-out was different between three kinds of organizational cultures [p<0.05]. In addition, the job satisfaction difference between didactic and administrative employees was not statistically meaningful [p>0.05] but the job burn-out difference between didactic and administrative employees was statistically significant [p<0.01]. The results of T-test showed that there was no employees was statistically significant and job burn-out among female and male employees [p>0.05]. Results also illustrated that there was a positive relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction [p<0.01]. In addition, obtained results revealed that there was a negative relationship between organizational culture and job burnout [p<0.01]. Clearly a negative relationship between job satisfaction and job burn-out was also identified [p<0.01]. On the basis of this study, it was understood that the partnership organizational culture may lead to the maximum amount of job satisfaction and minimum amount of job burn-out