effect of CPP-ACP paste on shear bond strength of glass ionomer to dentine

CPP-ACP is one of the numerous materials which is used in dental hypersensitivity and works through changing Cagradient in tooth surface, besides glass ionomer is a selective material in restoring non -carious cervical lesions because of chemical bonding. In this study we evaluate the effect of CPP-ACO on shear bond strength of glass ionomer to dentine. In this experimental study, 40 third molar teeth were sectioned to obtain dentine with tubule orientation perpendicular to the surface. The specimens were divided into 4 groups [A to D].Groups A and B were treated with CPP-ACP paste for 60 min x 5 days. Groups A and C were treated with polyacrylic acid 10% for 20 min before glass ionomer adhesion. All specimens were bonded with glass ionomer. After 24 +/- 1 hours water storage, the bonded specimens were sectioned with universal testing machine. There was no significant effect in shear bond strength to dentine in groups except groups B.There was no significant effect in failaure pattern. Most of the failure patterns were adhesive mode. CPP-ACP application in dentine surface reduces the shear bond strength of glass ionomer except the preconditioning of dentine with polyacrylic acid 10%. Preconditioning in dentine surface nontreated with CPP-ACP paste, does not affect the shear bond strength of glass ionomer

[To make priority of social problems in Iran]

Social Problems that has been defined differently in various references, is one of the most important problems in our society. Dimension of social pathology is in a wide range and increasingly expands. Social pathology effects directly on individual [i.e. divorce, suicide attempt, opium dependency, and...] and social functions [i.e. poverty, extortion, living in shantytowns, hooliganism, and...] and regardless of economical detriments, put in risk the physical and mental health of individual and society. Of course it must be remembered that most social pathologies are cannot be individually or socially distinguished, for example unemployment is both an individual and a social problem, and or divorce, and in most instances these two concepts are interlinked with each other, and on the other hand social pathology in most cases work in the cause and as a result of forms, and are interlinked like a chain. For example on one hand divorce can be the cause of addiction and running away and on the other hand divorce can take place because of addiction, and this complexity makes the distinction of social pathology from each other difficult. Therefore social experts and managers always engage in determining boundaries of social pathology. According to this research one of the most important aspects is making priority of social problems and social pathology in Iran by asking social experts and social managers. A questionnaire was sent to more than 1000 managers - of course it must be noted that an expert was invited from each of provinces, and thereafter the questionnaire was briefed to them in a general meeting, and then they filled the questionnaires face to face [of course in instances where the individuals were not reachable, the questionnaire was sent to them] - and their ideas about making priority of social pathology was asked and collected. It must be explained that apart from the said method, other methods such as the Delphi method be used. At the end we found that joblessness [%81] and addiction [%56/6] are the mose important social pathology and following that poverty and are unemployment and family problems, and at the end of the table being refugees [%4] and widows or widowers [%4/1] are the least important social pathology. The following are studied in this research on social pathology: "job, profession, responsibility, province and so on". In this study we tried to interview all experts and officials who are related to social pathology [management assessment]. The conclusion of this research showed that social problems in the opinion of socio-pathology experts in Iran have a higher priority for monitoring and follow-up, and unfortunately family issues that can the source of social pathology are least paid attention to. The results of this study can be a guideline for policy makers and officials who are working in the prevention and social pathology control field in the country. The classification of provincial social pathology can help the authorities to draw the geographic picture of social pathology, and to have specific programs for each province based on its cultural and local problems