[Correlation between serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D level and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in type 2 diabetic patients]

Although Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide and has been suggested to be a contributory factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetes, the specific underlying mechanism is not known. It may be related to the effects of vitamin D deficiency on metabolic, inflammatory and hemostatic markers. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is a known cardiovascular risk marker in diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the association between 25 hydroxy vitamin D and PAI-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred-eighty patients with type 2 diabetes were selected, and the associations between PAI-1 and 25 hydroxy vitamin D level and other risk markers of cardiovascular disease including FBS, lipid profiles, HbA1C, creatinine and microalbuminuria were examined. There were no significant correlation between PAI-1 level and 25 hydroxy vitamin D level. PAI-1 was positively associated with fasting blood sugar and high density lipoprotein level, but no significant relation was found between PAI-1 level and other risk markers of cardiovascular disease. It seems that vitamin D deficiency is not related to PAI-1 level as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease in diabetes, but this observation remains to be confirmed by larger clinical studies

Investigation in to the rate of knowledge and out break of diss phonie and its prophylaxis belaviors among the teachers of Yazd's elementary schools Summery

Background:The quality of teacher's voice has an important role in understanding lessons by the students. The roughness of the Noice is the most importantsign of darynx disease and one of the reasons of the spasm of Noice is the improper usage of the of the noice the object of this study is inverstigating rateof knowledge and prophydaxis behaviors from dissphoie and the rate of it's outbreak in female teachers of Yazd's elementary school

Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive - analytie, and is done obout 280 teachers that were chosen from education areas casually. It used of questionnaire and interviewing for callectingdata

Results:The rate of dissphonie's outbreak between the teacherswas 55.4% and the most epidemic form was stiffness of larynx. The rate of teachers' knowledge was in average. There was a meaning full relationship between education and the rate of knowledge. Everyone that had a course of studies for associate of arts diplona and higher than it, had the higher rate of knowledge. There was a statical relationship between the age and the signs of spasm of noice also, it was seen a meaningful relationship between the employment background and prophydaxis behaviors from dissphorue. There was a direct meaningful relationship between the rate of knowledge and praphydoxis behaviors, and the teachers who had the higher rate of knowledge, choose further praphydoxis behaviors between the teachers of Yazd's elementary schools oven though the outbreak of this farm is high and it's suggested by holding the educating classes, the rate of knowledge and performance of the teachers have been in creased for preventing and controlling this problem

Human papillomavirus infection prevalence in women referred to health clinic of shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran

Human papillomavirus [HPV] infection seems to be the most common sexually transmitted infection. High-risk [HR] human papillomavirus [HPV] prevalence has been shown to correlate well with cervical cancer incidence rates. Since there is little known about the epidemiology of this infection in Tehran, we designed to estimate the prevalence of HPV in some areas in Tehran. Cervical specimens were obtained from 825 married women aged 21-59 years from the general population of Tehran, Iran according to the standardised protocol of the IARC International HPV surveys. HPV was detected using a GP5+/6+ PCR-based assay. HPV prevalence in the general population was 7.8% [5.1% of high-risk types], with no statistically significant variations by age. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was diagnosed in 4.1% of women, of whom 35.3% were HPV-positive. HPV1 6 was confirmed as the most common type among women with both normal [1.8%] and abnormal [8.8%] cytology. HPV positivity was significantly higher among divorced women, women in polygamous marriages and those reporting husbands' extramarital affairs. However the prevalence of HPV seems not high in comparison with other international data, more molecular and seroepidemiological survey in national level needs to hâve a better perspective

[Glanders, a new vision on an old biological weapon]

Death of one imported tiger from Russia in Tehran Eram zoological garden in winter of 2010 from Glanders opened the new series of discussion about this old zoonosis. After this incident, all the lions of the zoo were euthanized due to the probable contamination with glanders. In present systematic review manuscript, several scientific data banks and websites including ISI, Scopus, Medline, Embase, OIE, CDC, WHO, SID and MAGIRAN had been searched. Also all the books, journals and available congress proceedings in libraries were searched about this issue. As if many epidermis and also zoonotic and infectious diseases may be a biological threat, so having a good knowledge of these kinds of diseases is a necessity for all physicians, veterinarians and public health staffs especially whom they work in Armed Forces. Collaboration between Iran Veterinary Organization [IVO], Ministry of Health and Medical Education [MOHME] and Armed Forces is necessary for controlling the probable biological threat like glanders

[Verbal and physical violence on nurses in hospitals of Babol university of medical sciences]

Violence in workplaces threatens safety of personnel. Among health care personnel, nurses are more exposed to verbal and physical violence. The aim of this study was to assess confrontation of nurses with verbal and physical violence in hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In this field study, all of nurses employed in hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences [n=302] were recruited to the study. Data were gathered using standardized questionnaire including four parts. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic [Chi square and Fisher's exact test] statistics. More that 70% of the nurses had an experience of violence during their work period. Male nurses were more exposed to violence than the female nurses. Most of the violence was done by patients' relatives [40.4%]. The results showed that most of the participants had the experience of violence done by patients' relatives. In order to minimize violence in hospitals, preventive strategies including proper management, proper protection, and public education should be considered

[Introducing a case of brucellosis with severe septicemia and pancytopenia]

The most common symptom of brucellosis is osteoarticular manifestation. Urogenital manifestation, hepatitis, CNS and respiratory system involvement and endocarditis are also reported. Mild leucopenia with lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and seldom pancytopenia is seen. A 22-year-old man with fever and chills, abdominal pain and diarrhea came to the hospital. He had headache, malaise, anorexia and dry cough, for 2 weeks. He had no exposure to domestic animals and hadn't consumed any unpasteurized dairy. In lab data, he had leucopenia, relative lymphocytosis, anemia and thrombocytosis, wright = 1/2560, 2ME = 1/1280, Alt=193, AST=446, alkp =375. As long as the patient hadn't have any exposure to domestic animals and also hadn't consumed any unpasteurized dairy, the serology [2ME = 1/80, wright= 1/40] from outside the hospital was repeated and noted results was detected. In endemic areas, in septicemia and pancytopenia or byccytopenia setting we should consider brucellosis in differential diagnosis

Sterilization quality control in the AJA health care centers in Tehran-2006

Nosocomial infections are an economic burden on health-care systems and one of the most important mortality related agents of hospitalized patients. Although in attention to true sterilization of surgical instruments has mentioned as the most important sources of nosocomial infections; there are a few hospitals in the country that use the standard quality control methods and archive protocols ordered by international societies. Therefore the main purpose of this study was the survey of sterilization quality control conditions in the AJA health-care systems in Tehran. In this cross-sectional descriptive study sterilization process evaluated in the 12 health-care center including: 8 hospitals, 3 specialty clinics, and a dental clinic. Data were collected by using questionnaire consist of processing of cleaning; disinfection; packing and application of biological indicators were defined generally. Regarding to cleaning, all packages were clean and free of blood and contamination, whereas metal instruments in the packages were rusty in 5 centers [41.7%].in all centers disinfection processes had done well. In the packing processes 5 centers [41.7%] didn't use double layer cloth wraps and in one center [8.3%] the wraps were torn and dirty obviously and didn't have much consistence and pentrance truly. Also the packing itself was performed incorrectly in 2 centers [16.7%]. In ten centers which used wrapping by paper, 2 centers [20%] didn't packed their instruments by standard wrapping. Finally sterilization records and documentations didn't exist in any centers. Quality control of sterilization in comparison with its standards was not acceptable; therefore the observance of these standards as instructions should be proclaimed and enforced

[ review in novel pandemic H1N1 A]

After the report of suspicious cases in Mexico City in 17 April 2009, 2 cases of swine origin influenza A were confirmed in U.S.A and was a novel triple re-assortment of H1N1. This virus was transmitted from pigs to human and has high rate of transmission between humans and distributed on the world in a short time. The phase 6 th of pandemic had reported by WHO in 3 months. This article is a review study that is provided from searching in Scopus, Medline and Embase data banks and CDC and WHO sites and its information updated before publication. The Swine-origin Influenza A [H1N1] is a triple reassortment of season, birds and swine flu virus. The disease manifestation is like conventional seasonal flu. The best way of disease control is vaccine and appropriate treatment. Fortunately, the disease has a controlled condition in the world. The disease transmission is person to person via infected droplets. The pandemic rapidly happens and has sequential waves. The disease manifestation in humans varies from unmarkable disease to server pneumonia resulting in hospitalization and maybe death and generally is like season flu but with a different epidemiologic feature. The definite diagnosis is RT-PCR or cell culture from the nose pharynx, nasal, pharyngeal and nasal or tracheal wash samples. The prevention includes observing hygiene points is the most important way of pandemic control. Nowadays, two kinds of novel virus vaccine is available that include flu shot[inactived virus with intra muscular injection in deltoide] and nasal spray [live attenuated virus]. The best treatment is neuraminidase inhibitors [Oseltamivir and Zanamivir] which recommends to hospitalized high risk persons preferably in first 48 hours. Chemo prophylaxis recommends to special cases. The occurrence of novel influenza A, conventional season flu and birds flu in the world increases the rate of reassortment and puts the society at high risk. There is no appropriate antibodies against novel reassorted viruses in the society so probability of rapid progression of a new disease is high. However, people consciousness and health and cure bases readiness specially in gathering places, dormitories, schools, universities and garrisons is very important

Epidemiology of human brucellosis in Ferdows, Sarayan and Boshrooyeh counties of southern Khorasan province in 2004-2005

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted directly or indirectly to humans from infected animal. In this research human cases of brucellosis in three counties of southern Khorasan province since April 2004 until March 2005 were studied. In this prospective descriptive study, human cases with symptoms that suspicions to brucellosis pulse Wright titer