Malignant body cavity effusion: cytologic criteria with special reference to Ag-nors

This study was conducted on 563 cases of body cavity effusions to establish the following points: 1. Determination of the underlying malignant causes 2. A search for the morphological feature of malignant cells for determination of their nature and site of origin 3. Differentiation between mesothelioma, cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Also, differentiation between non - Hosgkin's lymphoma and non- neoplastic lymphoid reaction.Qualitative cytoplasmic feature of prepared smears were studied by May- Grueniwald Giemsa [MGG] and nuclear feature in slides stained by Papanicolaou's stain [PAP]PAS stain and AB stain were used when needed 100 cells were assessed. Malignant effusions constituted 17.23% of all studied cases metaststic carcinoma was found to be the most common cause of pleural and peritoneal effusions.Adenocarcinomas formed the majority and the different primarysite of origin were breast, lung GIT and ovaries. Lymphoma/leukemia constituted the second frequent cause of body cavity effusions. It has been shown that MGG stain is highly valuable in differentiation of small cell lymphoma from lymphoid reaction. In small cell lymphoma all cells show monotonous nuclear staining, while in lymphoid reaction it is variable Methothelioma was the last frequent cause of malignant effusions. The most discriminating feature from reactive and highly reactive effusions are morula formation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear shape [irregular and oval] chromatin pattern [irregular and hyperchromatic], and prominent nucleoli. Metholelioma cells are PAS positive and negative after diastase digestion

Immunohistochemical study of epithelial cell markers in carcinoma of urinary bladder

Immunohistochemical expression of keratin proteins and epithelial membrane antigen [EMA] were studied in 23 specimens of bilharzial associated human bladder cancer, using an indirect immunoperoxidase method on formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections.Expression of both tumour markers was detected in vast majority of differentiated carcinomas with relative superiority of keratin proteins to EMA immunoreactive staining for keratin proteins was diffuse intracytoplasmic and more uniform allover tumour tissue, compared to the prominent cell membrane localized, but less consistent reaction for EMA.The associated bilharzial reaction induced no detectable influence on distribution, intensity nor consistency of immunoreactivity for either tumour markers.Great variability in expression of both tumour markers was noticed in poorly differentiated carcinoma [2 adenocarcinomas were negative for keratin and positive for EMA and 2 squamous cell carcinomas were negative for EMA and positive for keratin proteins] which issues an advice to evaluate both tamour markers in poorly differentiated tumours in order to optimize detection of these neoplasms

Role of vitamin E in dietary iron overload in rats

The effect of chronic dietary iron overload on various organs of adult male and female rats was studied and compared with concomitant administration of vitamin E, 2 hours before iron. 60 mature rats of both sexes were used and divided into equal 5 groups. The first group received control diet.The second group received corn oil. Ferrous iron [100 mg/kg/day] was given orally to group III. Vitamin E [10 gm/kg/day] was given orally either separate [group IV] or 2 hours before iron supplementation. After 6 weeks serum and organs iron were estimated together with serum GOT, GPT, acid and alkaline phosphates and total lipids. Furthermore histopathological and histochemical study of iron storage were carried out in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, stomach and intestine. Iron overload induced marked rise of iron in serum with histochemical demonstration of its granules in liver, spleen, abdominal lymph nodes, bone marrow, stomach and intestine, associated by elevation in serum GOT, GPT, acid and alkaline phosphatases with reduction in total serum lipids.These pathological and biochemical changes were more evident in male rats than females. They were on the other hand, markedly improved by presupplementation with vitamin E. However, the resulting improvement was still significantly higher than the controls which issues our recommendation for further study using larger doses of vitamin E

Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of prostaglandin E1 on the disease activity in adjuvant arthritic rats

The effect of oral prostagladin E[1] on the disease activity, histolpathological pattern of gastrointestinal tract and on serum cortisol level were:studied in rats rendered arthritic by intradermal inoculation of Freund's adjuvant In the arthritic rats PGE[1] 100ug/kg/day orally was given first day of adjuvant inoculation till full development of arthritis [28 days] i.e as a prophylactic agent or given after establishment of arthritis for 2 weeks i.e. as a therapeutic agent. It was found that the prophylactic or the therapeutic administration of PGE[1] significantly decreased the arthritic disease activity as evidenced by the reduced development of paw oedema, increased pain threshold and correction of biochemical inflammatory markers namely serum C-reactive protein and serum albumin. The histopathological examination revealed marked gastrointestinal trophic action of PGE[1] which was more pronounced in the stomach. Serum cortisol level was significantly raised in the groups treated with PGE[1] The present findings strongly suggest the prophylactic and therapeutic value, of oral PGE[1] and investigate some of the possible underlying mechanism for their action in rheumatic diseases. However, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of PGE[1] in management of arthritis

Isradipine and indomethacin effects on collagen adjuvant arthritic rats

This work was carried out to study the effect of a relatively new calcium channel blocker "isradipine" on some therapeutic and side effects of indomethacin. Inflammatory collagen polyarthritis model which bears resemblence to rheumatoid arthritis was induced by injection of collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Treatment of arthritic rats either by indomethacin or isradipine or combination of both drugs for 15 days resulted in significant analgesic activity as evaluated by the analgesimeter. Meanwhile, indomethacin either alone or in combination with isradipine reduced the rats hind paw thickness. Induction of arthritis was accompanied by significant elevation of serum C-reactive protein and a decrease in albumin, with no significant change in cortisol levels. These parameters were not significantly affected by treatment with any drug i.e. these drugs improved the symptoms and did not affect the progress of the disease. Histopathologic changes of the stomach revealed that, isradipine improved the gastric lesions of nontreated and indomethacin treated arthritic rats. Also, isradipine partially protected the kidney from renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis caused by indomethacin. It could be concluded that administration of calcium channel blockers in association with N.S.A.I.Ds in rheumatologic practice may be used to increase the analgesic effect and decrease the gastric erosion and nephrotoxicity of NSAIDs

Histopathological studies on mycotoxicoses in broiler chicks

The histopathological examination of various organs of chicks fed mycotoxins contaminated food revealed the severe toxic effect of ingestion of different mycotoxins combination [aflatoxin B[1] 100 ppb+sterigmatocystin 350 ppb;aflatoxin B[1] 100 ppb+patulin 100 ppb; aflatoxin B[1] 100 ppb+penicillinic acid 850 ppb; or aflatoxins B[2] a 0.9 ppb+G2a 25 ppb+MI 0.9 ppb+M21.0 ppb], Even in low contamination levels of mycotoxins, remarkable pathological alterations were produced in different organs of birds. The liver showed diffuse ballooning of hepatocytes, central zonal congestion, necrosis and cellular infiltration. The kidney was the seat of marked cloudy swelling of the proximal convuluted tubules and minute foci of tubular necrosis. The severity of toxicity of the contaminants combination of each of the last three diets was similar; but each of them was more toxic than the first contaminated diet [aflatoxin BI+sterigmatocytins]. The recovery period of four weeks [during which the birds were fed on mycotoxins free diet] was not enough to remove the histopathological abnormalities but only led to alleviation of the lesions

Evaluation of the prophylactic and the possible therapeutic effects of silymarin in experimental liver cirrhosis

The present work was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic and possible therapeutic effects of silymarin in experimental liver cirrhosis 60 albino rats were included in this study, they were divided into four equal groups The first group was non cirrhotic and served as control, the other three groups were rendered cirrhotic by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride every other day for 10 weeks.The second group was chosen as a cirrhotic control and received saline, the third group was given silymarin orally [80 mg/kg/day]throughout the induction of cirrhotic and the fourth group was given silymarin orally [80 mg/kg/day] for 10 weeks after induction cirrhotic. For laboratory evaluation of functional state of liver, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase [SGOT], glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], Alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, free fatty acids, triglycerides and total cholesterol were estimated. In addition, histopathological study of liver was performed Simultaneous administration of silymarin with CCL[4] throughout the induction of cirrhosis [Group III] i.e.as prophylactic agent produced marked improvement in the histopathological changes of liver and completely normalized the biochemical abnormalities of CCL[4] induced liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, administration of silymarin for the same period after cirrhosis [Group IV] i.e. as a therapeutic agent produced partial improvement of the histopathological changes and significant but not complete correction of the biochemical abnormalities.The result of the present study indicate that silymarin has both prophylactic and therapeutic effects However it`s prophylactic use exerts a more hepatoprotective effects than its therapeutic use.This point is worthy to be considered in the clinical use of silymarin as early as possible in the management of any hepatic disease or on exposure of the liver to any injurious agent

Study on the calcium role on propranolol-verapamil interaction on the kidney

The results showed decreases in the percentage change of the mean body weight gain, absolute and relative kidney weight, and the number of nephron in both the right and left kidney of propranolol [P.] and /or verapamil [V.] treated rat groups. Moreover significant decrease were shown in serum Na, urinary K, and renal Na-K-ATPase activity while significant increase was illustrated in serum K and Ca; urinary Na and Ca; and serum urea and creatinine of the same groups. The changes were more obvious in the group treated with [P+V] in combination. Administration of calcium chloride [CaCl[2]] minimized these effects. Histopathological and histochemical examination revealed tubular epithelial degenerations in either P or V groups and accompanied by glomerular changes and interstitial nephritis. The group given combined P+V. The previous lesions were diminished after calcium supplementation. These results ensure the adverse effects of the combined use of these drugs on the kidney, and deduce that calcium supplementation may reduce these changes but does not prevent them completely

Histochemical changes in the liver of mice after Stadol administration with special reference to liver function tests

Eighteen mature mice were used and divided into three groups: [1] The 1st group [6 animals] was kept as control. [2] The 2nd group [6 animals] was given daily S.G. doses of stadol for 2 weeks. [3] The 3 rd group [6 animals] was given daily S.G. doses of stadol for 4 weeks. After each period blood samples were collected to test the liver functions. Then the animals were scarificed and their livers were removed and frozen sections were prepared for histochemical study of five enzymes. The significance of the results was discussed. Generally there is increased activity of the hydrolytic enzymes differ. The affection was more severe with prolongation of the period of administration of stadol. Liver functions must be normal before administration

Exposure to formaldehyde vapour: a medical occupational hazard

Fourty male and female albino rats were housed in dissecting room of Pathology Department for 10 weeks to determine histopathological alterations in their internal organs resulting from exposure to occupational concentration of formaldehyde vapour [4.5 ppm]. Definite changes were induced in the liver [up to focal necrosis], kidney [focal periglomerular fibrosis], lungs [generalized congestion with epithelial hyperplasia and pseudostratification of bronchioles] and the testis showed focal hypospermatogenic tubules. These toxic changes nescessitate fulfillment of strict measures for reducing concentration of formaldehyde vapour in medical laboratories to protect medical and paramedical personnel, particularly those with hepatic, renal or pulmonary troubles

Effect of starvation and water depletion on the structure and function of the immunological system of albino rats

48 albino rats, 200-250 gm. body weight comprised the material for the present work. They were classified into 2 groups. The1st group was deprived from food while the 2nd groub was deprived from water as well. A third group of 6 animals used as control. The animals within the 1 st and 2nd groups were subdivided into 4 subgroups and used to study the effect od atarvation and stravation aasociated with dehydration for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days respectively on the structure and the function of the immunological system. It was found that atrophic changes inorm of lymphocytic epletion with absence of germinal centres occur in spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils after the first week. The atrophic changes were more marked in the group of starvation with dehydration. Also, efinite thymic involution was demonstrated from the start of the experiment in both groups. On the other hand relative increase in the gamma globulin occurred. At the same time decreased ymphocytic transformation reflecting an impairment of cell mediated immunity was demonstrated in the present study. The impact of these findings on existing public health and vaccination rograms are of importance and must be taken in consideration