[Molecular detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase [ESBL] genes blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV in Escherichia coli isolated from water buffalo [Bubalus bubalis] feces in West Azerbaijan province, Iran]

Beta-lactamase enzymes are considered the most important factor of resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics among gram-negative bacteria. In recent years, the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases has been prevailed among bacteria, especially bacteria of animal origin, and this is important in terms of public health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the presence of extended-spectrum beta- lactamase [ESBL]-genes blaCTX-M, blaTEMand blaSHVin E. coli isolates recovered from fecal samples of apparently healthy water buffaloes [Bubalus bubalis] using polymerase chain reaction. In this study, 105 isolates of E. coli, which were obtained from 135 fecal samples of water buffaloes from different areas of West Azerbaijan province [33 isolates from Urmia, 33 isolates from Khoy, 24 isolates from Piranshahr and 15 isolates from Miandoab], were identified using biochemical characteristics as well as 23S rRNA gene amplification. Then, the presence of CTX-M, TEM, and SHVgroups of ESBLgenes were evaluated among the studied E. coli isolates by the PCR method. In the studied isolates, 47 out of 105 E. coli isolates [44.8%] contained blaCTX-M gene and 37 isolates [35.2%] harbored blaTEM gene. Also, 17 isolates [16.2%] contained both blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes simultaneously. According to the results, blaSHV gene was not detected among the studied isolates. Also, no significant difference was seen in distribution of ESBL genes among the studied regions. The results of this study indicate that water Buffalo gastrointestinal E. coli is reservoir for ESBLs, especially CTX-M and TEM types, and this should be considered in terms of public health and the transfer of resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria

Evaluating the extent of pregravid risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in women in Tehran

Gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] is associated with maternal and fetal complications. Specific outcomes in previous pregnancies are considered as risk factors for GDM in the consecutive pregnancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pregravid risk factors of GDM in multigravid women. We conducted a retrospective cross sectional study on 114 multigravid women with GDM without previous history of diabetes and compared them with non-diabetic controls. We used modified criteria of Carpenter and Coustan for screening. Risk factors were obtained from medical records of individuals. We found that women of 26 years and older who had previous neonates with birth weight more than 3800 gram and those affected with hypothyroidism or chronic hypertension were at risk for GDM. The difference of the number of preterm birth in GDM women and healthy controls was statistically significant [p=0.05]. There was no significant difference between the numbers of pregnancies, parity, previous fetal and neonatal death and abortion number between patients and the control group. Our results show that maternal age over 26 years, birth weight of previous neonate more than 3800 g, hypothyroidism, chronic hypertension and probably history of preterm birth are significant risk factors for GDM