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Abstract@#HPV vaccination is one of the most important measures to prevent cervical cancer. Chinese female college students are in the recommended age for HPV vaccination, but the vaccination rate is still at a low level, which directly affects the effect iveness of cervical cancer prevention and control. The research on HPV vaccination inclination, coverage status and its influencing factors of female college students in China showed that they are more likely to vaccinate, but there are multiple sources of bawiers, including HPV vaccine access, the long inclubation period, lack of awareness, lack of marent support, which greatly influenced HPV vaccine coverage among female college students, Therefore, the national government, regulatory departments, medical institutions, universities and other parties should jointly take corresponding measures to actively eliminate these adverse effects, in order to improve the vaccination coverage of HPV vaccine in female college students.
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Polysaccharides is one of the main bioactive components of Cordyceps species, because of the potential clinical value with stronger anti-tumor, such as anti-neuroblastoma, anti-melanoma, anti-lung cancer, anti-colon cancer and so on, its have received widespread attention in biomedical field and increasing research in last decades. According to structural elucidation, this review gives a systematic literature overview on antitumor mechanism of Cordyceps species-derived polysaccharides from three aspects, including inhibition of tumor cell growth, enhancement of immunomodulatory activity and reduction of tumor metastasis. Finally, it also puts forward some scientific problems for follow up research.
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@#Abstract：Objective To predict the structure and function of sterol O⁃acyltransferase 1（SOAT1）related to hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）by using bioinformatics tools，in order to understand its mechanism as the marker and therapeutic target of S⁃Ⅲ subtype. Methods The structure，function and protein interaction of SOAT1 were predicted and analyzed by using databases or softwares such as NCBI，STRING，Protscale，SignalP，TMHMM，PSORT，SOPMA，SWISS ⁃ MODEL， NetNGlyc，NetOGlyc，Netphos and ProtParam. Results The protein encoded by SOAT1 was a hydrophobic protein with good stability，which was a nonclassical pathway protein with 8 transmembrane regions，mainly distributed among the cell membrane. SOAT1 was expressed in many tissues，while most of them in the adrenal gland，which showed multiple phosphorylation sites and was mainly involved in the synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol. Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function of SOAT1 showed that SOAT1 lipid synthesis and catabolism pathways played an important role，and lipid expression was closely related to the development of cancer，indicating that the treatment of HCC may be achieved by regulating the expression of SOAT1 gene.
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Objective@#To learn the results of MNA ( mini nutritional assessment ） nutrition screening and influencing factors in the elderly living at home, so as to provide basis for improving the nutritional status of the elderly living at home. @*Methods@#The elderly people at home were recruited from Yinzhou District, Yiwu City and Changshan County in Zhejiang Province by the multi-stage random sampling method. Their demographic information, living habits and nutritional status were collected by the MNA scale and the questionnaire for nutrition and health status surveillance. The multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze influencing factors for the nutritional status.@*Results@#Of 374 study subjects, 186 ( 49.73% ) were males and 188 ( 50.27% ) were females. The age was ( 69.63±6.68 ) years ( range, 60-90 years ). The average score of MNA scale was 25.26±2.81. The prevalence of malnutrition risk in the elderly living at home was 20.59%. Age ( β'=-0.140), marital status ( β'=0.110 ), annual income ( β'=0.155 ), active physical exercise ( β'= 0.104 ), eating health products/nutritional supplements ( β'= 0.110 ) and satiety ( full diet β'=0.196 ) were influencing factors for MNA scores ( P<0.05 ）.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of malnutrition risk among the elderly living at home is 20.59%. The prevalence increases with age. Having a spouse, doing active physical exercise, eating health products/nutritional supplements, having healthy eating habits are conducive to maintaining the nutritional health of the elderly.
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Necroptosis is a tightly regulated form of necrosis that requires the activation of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, as well as the RIPK3 substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Because of membrane rupture, necroptotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that evoke immune responses. Necroptosis is emerging as an important cellular response in the modulation of cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Necroptosis of cancer cells is considered to be an immunogenic cell death capable of activating anti-tumor immunity. Necroptosis also participates in the promotion of myeloid cell-induced adaptive immune suppression and thus contributes to oncogenesis. In addition, necroptosis of endothelial cells and tumor cells is conducive to tumor metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex role of necroptosis in cancer and discuss the potential of targeting necroptosis components for cancer therapies.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect platelet anti-HPA-1a and -1b antibodies using recombinant GPIIIa fragments coupled to Luminex beads.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The sensitivity of 2 techniques, monoclonal antibody specific immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) and Luminex bead assay, was compared using 12 twofold-serial dilutions (from neat to 1 in 2048) of an anti-HPA-1a WHO international standard. The specificity of Luminex assay to identify anti-HPA-1a and -1b antibodies was assessed using 8 negative or positive controls and 36 blinded samples provided by WHO Platelet Workshop.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The sensitivity of MAIPA and Luminex bead assay to detect anti-HPA-1a was dilution 1/64 (i.e. 1.56 IU/ml) and far more than dilution 1/2048 (i.e. 0.049 IU/mL), respectively. The Luminex bead assay could specifically identify negative and positive controls of anti-HPA-1a and -1b. All results of 36 blinded samples by Luminex assay were accordant to reference results except one sample which contained high concentration antithetical antibody and resulted in false positive of anti-HPA-1b. Cross-reactivity was also not observed with the samples containing HLA, ABO or other platelet antibodies.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Luminex beads coupled with recombinant GPIIIa fragments can be used to detect HPA-1 system antibodies with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, that is suitable for the detection of platelet alloantibodies in clinical alloimmune thrombocytopenia.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Antigens, Human Platelet , Allergy and Immunology , Blood Platelets , Integrin beta3 , Chemistry , Isoantibodies , Blood , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic , Diagnosis , Recombinant Proteins , Chemistry , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The experiment included three potassium levels (K0 0 g x kg(-1), K1 0.33 g x kg(-1), K2 0.67 g x kg(-1)) and two water gradients (well watered and drought stress), then measured growth indicators, SOD, POD, CAT activities and concents of osmotic regulation substances. To explore the effects of K fertilizer and water on growth and physiological characteristics of Isatis indigotica, providing reference for improving drought resistance of I. indigotica. The result showed drought stress inhibited the growth and decreased the biomass of I. indigotica but K fertilizer can alleviate the drought stress. Compared with K0 treatment, K1, K2 treatment increased the biomass of overground part of by 89. 13% ,60. 87% under drought stress. The corresponding increase in soluble sugar content was 16.67%, 5.00%, and in proline content was 42.41%, 65.62%, respectively. SOD,POD and CAT activities was significantly improved in K1, K2 treatment in comparison with K0 treatment under drought stress, but soluble protein content significantly reduced. The conclusion is that appropriate amount of K fertilizer can increase the activities of antioxidase and the content of osmoregulation substance under drought stress, and improve drought resistance of I. indigotica.
Subject(s)
Fertilizers , Isatis , Chemistry , Metabolism , Peroxidase , Metabolism , Plant Proteins , Metabolism , Potassium , Metabolism , Seedlings , Chemistry , Metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase , Metabolism , Water , MetabolismABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of clinically common EDTA-dependent pseudo-thrombocytopenia (EDTA-PTCP) and methols for treating this diseese. A total of 1326 cases of thrombocytopenia found at blood routine examination were amalyzed anong 71 535 patients hospitalized in our hospital from January 2010 to May 2013, and 87 cases of PTCP caused EDTA-K anticoagulant were analyzed again by using sodium citrate auticoagulant, at the same time the platelet formation distribution was observed by microscopy of smear with Wright-Giemsa staining. The results showed that the platelet count detected by using EDTA-K anticoagulant in 87 cases was (56 ± 27)×10(9)/L, while the platelet count detected by using sodium citrate was (185 ± 39)×10(9)/L (t = 1.83,P < 0.01). The pseudo-thrombocytopenia incidence cansed by EDTA-K was 0.12%, it was 6.56% for the total number of thrombocytopenia. It is concluded that the incidence of PTCP cansed by EDTA-K is 0.12%, the PTCP is easily misdiagnosed. Therefore, the specimens of platelet count <100 10(9)/L should be tested again. When the platelet aggregation is found, the specimens should be examined again by using sodium citrate in order to avoid misdiagnosis.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Anticoagulants , Citrates , Edetic Acid , Incidence , Platelet Aggregation , Platelet Count , ThrombocytopeniaABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)and carotid artery atheroscle-rosis in aged patients with normal glucose tolerance.Methods:A total of 100 aged patients with normal glucose tolerance were selected.Their bilateral carotid arteries were measured by color Doppler ultrasonography.They were grouped accord-ing to carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT,normal,thicken and atherosclerosis)and plaque form (no plaque,hard plaque and soft plaque);blood pressure,blood lipids and HbA1c etc.were compared among groups.Results: (1)Along with CIMT rose,there was significant increase in HbA1c level [(4.98 ± 0.55)% vs.(5.51 ± 0.42)% vs.(5.92 ± 0.39)%],and there was significant difference between any two groups (P<0.01 all);(2)HbA1c level was (5.36±0.51)%,(5.89±0.44)% and (5.97±0.2)% in no plaque group,hard plaque group and soft plaque group respectively,and there was significant difference among hard plaque group,soft plaque group and no plaque group (P <0.01 all).Conclu-sion:Glycosylated hemoglobin may become an important index assessing carotid atherosclerosis in aged people.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To elucidate the serological characteristics and molecular mechanism of a blood donor with weaken B antigen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ABO blood group antigens on red blood cells were identified by monoclonal antibodies, the ABO antibodies in serum were detected by standard A, B, O cells and the activity of the B glycosyltransferase was analyzed. The full-length sequence and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequence of ABO gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively and direct sequencing. The alternative splicing isoforms of ABO cDNA were obtained by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) and analyzed with cloning and sequencing techniques. The level of methylation of the CpG island in ABO gene promoter was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serological characteristic of the donor showed that the B antigen was decreased obviously without anti-B antibodies in serum and the B glycosyltransferase activity was decreased as well. The genotype of the donor was B101/O01 without any other mutations in the full-length coding sequences and splice receptor sites. The nucleotide characteristics of the 5'-UTR was consistent with B101/O01 and no any abnormity was identified in the promoter, enhancer and the negative regulatory sequence regions. The integrative cDNA transcript of ABO gene was obtained and no new splicing isoform was found. Compared with the normal B phenotype, a number of methylated CpG sites were found near the promoter of ABO gene in this sample.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The methylation in the CpG island of ABO gene promoter region may cause weak expression of the B antigen.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , ABO Blood-Group System , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Alleles , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Allergy and Immunology , Blood Donors , CpG Islands , Genetics , Erythrocytes , Allergy and Immunology , Gene Expression Regulation , Allergy and Immunology , Phenotype , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the eukaryotic cell expression system for the alpha-1,2 fucosyltransferase gene FUT1 293C to T and 658C to T mutations and explore the mechanism of FUT1 mutations resulting in the reduced expression of H antigen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genomic DNAs were extracted from individuals with para-Bombay phenotype and full coding region of FUT1 was amplified. The amplification fragments were ligated with pcDNA3.1 plasmid to construct the recombinant expression vectors. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into the COS-7 cells using lipofectamine transfection reagent and stable expression screening was performed. FUT1 mRNA expression was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The activity of enzyme was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Expressed protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>pcDNA3.1-FUT1 wildtype, pcDNA3.1-FUT1 293C to T and pcDNA3.1-FUT1 658C to T recombinant vectors were constructed, respectively. COS-7 cells with stable expression of FUT1 were obtained through recombinant plasmid transfection and screening with G418. The FUT1 mRNA level of transfected cells with 293C to T and 658C to T recombinant vectors reached 97.10% and 104.74% of the wildtype FUT1 transfected cell. A specific protein band with about 46 000 was confirmed in the transfected cell lysates by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Western blotting with 6×His Tag antibody. The wildtype FUT1 transfected cell lysates can catalyze the enzymatic reaction, while the enzyme activity of cell lysates from 293C to T and 658C to T were abolished.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results suggested that the 293C to T and 658C to T mutations of FUT1 gene did not affect the RNA and protein expression levels, but the enzyme activity of cells with FUT1 mutations was significantly decreased which resulted in the reduced expressin of H antigen.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , COS Cells , Chlorocebus aethiops , Fucosyltransferases , Genetics , Metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Genetic Vectors , Genetics , Mutant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , RNA, Messenger , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the molecular genetic basis for a new B112 allele of ABO blood group and the pedigree of the proband.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ABO group antigens on red cells of the proband were identified by monoclonal antibodies. The ABO antibody in serum was detected by using standard A, B and O cells. The exons 5-7 of ABO gene for the proband was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplified products were digested with double enzymes and sequenced for exons 6 and 7. A magnetic bead-based, haplotype specific extraction was used to separate the diploid sample of the proband into its haploid components. The exons 6 and 7 of the two single ABO haplotypes were then amplified and sequenced separately. The samples of the parents of the proband were collected, and the blood group serological test and sequence analysis for exons 6 and 7 of ABO gene were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum characteristic of the proband was consisted with the normal B phenotype. The DNA sequencing of exons 6 and 7 showed 261G/del, 297A/G, 526C/G, 559C/T, 657C/T, 703G/A, 796C/A, 803G/C and 930G/A heterozygotes and was assigned for B/O genotype. After separation of the two single strands of the proband with haplotype specific extraction, a B112 and an O01 allele were identified after sequencing. The B112 allele had one nucleotide change (C to T) at position 559 compared with B101, which resulted in an amino acid change at position 187 (Arg to Cys). The B112 in the proband was identified to inherit from his mother after pedigree analysis, the ABO blood group serological characteristics and sequences of exons 6 and 7 of the mother were identical to that of the proband.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A novel B112 allele of ABO group system with 559C>T was identified. It had normal B antigen expression, suggesting that Arg118Cys of alpha-1, 3 galactosyltransferase did not affect its enzyme activity.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , ABO Blood-Group System , Genetics , Alleles , Asian People , Genetics , Exons , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Genotype , Mutation, Missense , Genetics , Pedigree , PhenotypeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the allele specific primer polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) and investigate the polymorphism of exon 3 of human leukocyte antigen( HLA)-DRB1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The fragment containing exons 2 and 3 of HLA-DRB1 gene was amplified by group specific primers. The amplified products were digested by restriction enzymes and directly sequenced in both directions. The genotype was assigned by using Assign 3.5 SBT software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The exon 3 sequences of HLA-DRB1*08:09 and HLA-DRB1*12:02:01 were identified for the first time. There were 27 polymorphic sites in exon 3 among the twenty-five HLA-DRB1 alleles, which was 9.56% of all nucleotides of exon 3. The method could discriminate the HLA-DRB1*14:01:01/14:54 ambiguous samples, and the HLA-DRB1*14:01:01 was identified in the Chinese population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PCR-SBT method for exon 3 of HLA-DRB1 from the present study was reliable and there were polymorphisms in exon 3 of HLA-DRB1.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Alleles , Base Sequence , DNA Primers , Genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Exons , Genetics , Genotype , HLA-DR Antigens , Genetics , HLA-DRB1 Chains , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Methods , Polymorphism, Genetic , GeneticsABSTRACT
In order to construct prokaryotic expression system of MHC classI chain-related gene A (mica) and purify MICA protein, RNAs were extracted from the peripheral blood samples and mica cDNA fragments were obtained by RT-PCR method. The cDNA for mica was ligated with cloning vector by TOPO method. The recombinant cloning vector and prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a were digested by two restriction enzymes and ligated to construct pET-28a-MICA recombinant expression vector, then the pET-28a-MICA vector was transformed and expressed in E. coli BL21 DE3. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA Spin method. The results showed that the recombinant MICA protein expressed with soluble form in host with pET-28a-MICA vector after IPTG induction. The recombinant target protein was obtained by Ni-NTA spin purification. In conclusion, this study has constructed prokaryotic expression system of mica gene and has purified MICA protein which would help to explore the interaction between MICA and transplantation immunology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cloning, Molecular , Escherichia coli , Metabolism , Genetic Vectors , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I , Genetics , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective of this study was to explore the molecular basis of a new O61 allele in ABO blood group. The ABO group antigens on red cells of the blood samples were identified by monoclonal antibodies and the ABO antibody in serum was detected by the standard A, B, O red cells. The coding region sequences of exon 5 to exon 7 in ABO gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplification products were purified with double enzyme digestion and directly sequenced for exon 6 and 7. The diploid of the individual with B phenotype was separated into its haploid components with a haplotype specific extraction method. The exons 6 to 7 of the two single ABO haplotypes were then amplified and sequenced separately. The results indicated that 3 samples had mutation at 743 site in total 417 individuals, in which 2 individuals were with O phenotype and 1 individual was with B phenotype. The DNA sequencing of exon 6 and 7 in 2 samples with O phenotype showed 261G deletion and 743G/C heterozygotes. The DNA sequencing of exon 6 and 7 in the sample with B phenotype showed 261G/deletion and 297A/G, 526C/G, 743G/C, 657C/T, 703G/A, 796C/A, 803G/C, 930G/A heterozygotes. After separating of the 2 single strands in the B sample with haplotype specific extraction, an O and B101 allele were identified after sequencing. The novel allele was submitted to the Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation database and is named as O61. It is concluded that 743G>C is a novel mutation in exon 7 of ABO and a novel O61 allele with 743G>C has been identified.
Subject(s)
Humans , ABO Blood-Group System , Classification , Genetics , Alleles , Exons , Molecular Sequence Data , PhenotypeABSTRACT
This study was aimed to analyze the possibility of high resolution matching for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci in unrelated donor-recipient pair with low resolution match in HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 loci. Samples were genotyped for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 by polymerase chain reaction sequence based typing (PCR-SBT). The results showed that the total number of patients and the donors were 166 and 274. 97 (58.43%) patients were matched for 1 donor and 47 (28.31%) patients were matched for 2 donors at low resolution level; among 274 donor-recipient pairs, HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci matching for 6/10, 7/10, 8/10, 9/10 and 10/10 were 32 (11.68%), 54 (19.71%), 62 (22.63%), 49 (17.88%) and 48 (17.52%) respectively; there were mismatch in HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci, and the most mismatch was in HLA-C locus. The number of alleles of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci were 23, 46, 21, 30 and 17 respectively in the donors. The alleles number HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci were 20, 40, 22, 29 and 16 respectively in the patients; the haplotype number of HLA loci were 311 in the donors and 224 in the patients. The high frequency of haplotype was A*02:07-B*46:01-C*01:02-DRB1*09:01:02-DQB1*03:03 (5.63% and 6.88%). It is concluded that the probability of high resolution mismatch of HLA loci is high in unrelated donor-recipient pairs with low resolution match in HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 loci.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alleles , Gene Frequency , Genotype , HLA Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-A Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-B Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-C Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-DQ Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-DQ beta-Chains , HLA-DR Antigens , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , HLA-DRB1 Chains , Haplotypes , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Methods , Histocompatibility Testing , Methods , Probability , Tissue DonorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the molecular genetic basis of para-Bombay phenotype in a Chinese family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ABO and H phenotypes of the proband and his pedigree were characterized by serological techniques. The exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene and full coding region of alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase (FUT1) gene of the pedigree were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of the amplified fragments. The haplotypes of compound heterozygote of the FUT1 gene were also analyzed by cloning sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three para-Bombay phenotypes were identified in nine family members by serological technology. Three heterozygous variants (35C/T, 235G/C and 682A/G) were found in FUT1 gene of the proband, and the hapotype of FUT1 gene was h(235C)/h(35T+628G)according to the cloning sequencing. The alleles h(235C)and h(35T+628G) caused G79R, A12V and M228V amino acid substitutions in alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A novel 235G>C mutation of FUT1 gene which was associated with para-Bombay phenotype was found in the Chinese pedigree.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , ABO Blood-Group System , Genetics , Alleles , Fucosyltransferases , Genetics , Gene Frequency , Genetics , Haplotypes , Genetics , Mutation , Pedigree , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the nalaxone treating first acute right heart failure.Methods52 patients with FARHF were divided into the naloxone group(30cases)and control group(20cases)at random.Patients in control group were given general comprehensively treating.Patients in naloxone group were given naloxone as well as comprehensively treating,were given intravenously 0.8 mg of first dose,if it was necessary,repeated 0.8 mg of dose,and continuously dropped for 1.2 mg was added into liquid 500 mL.After treatment of 24 hours,were compared the changes of HR、SBP、SV and heart function.ResultsIn the naloxone group,the total effective rates were 84.4%,the mortality rates were 6.6%;in control group.The total effective rates were 60%,the mortality rates were 18.3%.The difference of the effective rate of the naloxone group be treatment was statistically significant(P
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Site-saturation mutagenesis is a newly-developed technology in protein engineering.By manipulating the encoding genes,it can rapidly obtain the mutants of desired proteins whose target residues are substituted by 19 other common amino acids.Site-saturation mutagenesis could serve not only as a powerful tool in protein engineering,but also as an important method in exploring the structure-function relationship of proteins.Several techniques were summarized to achieve site-saturation mutagenesis and introduce their application status in the protein engineering.The problem and promising future of its application were also discussed.
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Objective To introduce and evaluate a new surgical technique about concealed penis.Methods The incision was chosen on the outer lamina of the bilateral sides of penis.The excision of fibrous cord of penis dartos and suprapubic fat pad and skin fixation on the penis root were done to the patients.For the severe patients,the superficial layer of the suspensory ligament of penis must be excised.Thirty-nine cases were treated with this new technique,22 cases with Devine technique,and 23 cases with modified Shiraki technique and clinical comparative research was carried out.Results Penis of 39 cases were found 2 to 3 centimeters pro-pubic projection.Within 3 to 36 months of follow-up,no obvious reduction of penis was found and the erection function was normal.By new evaluat standard of surgical efficacy,the clinical efficacy of new technique,Devine′s and modified Shiraki′s technique were 92.31%(36/39 cases),77.27%(17/22 cases) and 78.26%(18/23 cases),respectively and the efficacy rate in new technigue was significcmthy higher than that of Devines and modified Shirak′s groups(Pa