ABSTRACT
To clarify influences of training by repetitious swimmings on fatty acid composition of tissue lipids, these specificities of organs and substrates and these changes by swimming, recovery and training were investigated by using Wister strain male rats and following results were obtained :<BR>1. From viewpoint of fatty acid composition of each tissue lipid, specificities of organs and substrates were characterized and fatty acid composition of each tissue triglyceride (TG) was not related to the composition of cellular component lipids (cardio-lipin; CL, phosphatidylethanolamine; PE, and phosphatidylcholine; PC) .<BR>2. By the training for 5i days, sigificant changes in fatty acid composition of TG, CL, PE and PC of heart muscle appeared. Especially linoleic acid composition of all these substrates significantly increased in the straining group, which did not show decrease of body weight, but in other training group showed significant decrease of body weight, linoleic acid composition of TG and CL of heart muscle significantly lowered and the linoleic acid composition of CL was lower than that of control group. But changes in fatty acid composition of PE and PC did not observed.<BR>3. During the repetitious swimmings, linoleic acid composition of CL of heart muscle gradually increased with number of the swimmings and the peak appeared at 11 times of the swimmings, but those of PE and PC did not change at all. Thus, nutnber of the swimming directly caused changes in the composition of CL of heart muscle and different influences in the composition between CL and other phospholipids (PE and PC) were clearly distinguished.<BR>4. After 30 times of the swimmings, linoleic acid composition of CL of heart and gastrocnemius muscles transiently supercompensated at 5 days, but despite of enough recovery of body weight, linoleic acid composition of CL in all tissues lowered and remarkable differences in the composition between control and the swimming groups appeared at 15 days after the swimming.<BR>From these results, training by the swimming caused changes in linoleic acid composition of cellular component lipids of heart muscle with amount of swimming and the amount will be a key to change in the composition of CL of heart muscle. Then, amount of the swimming per day and recovery period would be a direct factor to cause changes in linoleic acid composition of CL and these changes finally influence on the composition of other cellular component lipids, PE and PC, and become to have a relation to physiological functions.
ABSTRACT
Triglyceride contents of liver, heart muscle and skeletal muscles (rectus femoris, tibiaris anterior, soleus, plantaris and extensir digitrum longus) were determined on 1, 3.5, 14, 18 and 21 months-old rats, and especially on 14 and 21 months-old rats composition of triglyceride fatty acids was analyzed and interrelation of these triglyceride contents with aging of rats was studied quantitively and qualitatively. Following results were obtained<BR>1) Changs in liver and muscular triglyceride contents appeared on 14 months-old rats and were significant increase at 21 months-old rats.<BR>2) Liver triglyceride content significantly decreased at 21 months-old rats (p<0.05) .<BR>3) lrriglyceride contents of tibiaris anterior and extensor digitrum longus muscles were mostly unchangeable through the aging of rats.<BR>4) But triglyceride contents of soleus, rectus femoris and plantaris muscles in 21 months-old rats significantly increased (p<0.05) and the individual difference was great.<BR>5) In composition of triglyceride fatty acids, increase of C<SUB>18</SUB>, C<SUB>18-1</SUB>, C<SUB>18-2</SUB> and C<SUB>18-3</SUB> was observed in epididymal adipose tissue, soleus and rectus femoris muscle on 21 months-old rats, but in extensor digitrum longus and tibiaris anterior muscles.<BR>From these results, changes of tissue triglyceride contents with aging of rats are different in each tissue and increase of triglyceride content is present with qualitative changes in composition of triglyceride fatty acids, increase of long chain and unsaturated fatty acids, and organic specificity, which is related to the functional changes with aging of rats is considered.
ABSTRACT
Students and general long distance runners carried out 1600m run for 24 hours and their physical functions were measured with lapse of the relay. Following results were obtained.<BR>1) Prolongation of mean running time of student long distance runners in 1600m runs appeared at about 8th-10th runs, 12.8-16.0km, but that of general long distance runners did at 5th-6th runs, 8-9.6km.<BR>2) There was plus correlation between mean of running time and its standard deviation in 1600m runs. It was r=0.55 and its regression equation was Y=0.58X-162.3. But these of general long distance runners were r=0.53 and Y=0.358X-97.3, respectively.<BR>3) Decreased body weight from 1st-8th run was great and succesive, and occupied about 30%-70% of final decreased body weight. Thereafter, increase or decrease of the body weight was repeated and the time course became slow. There were some runners who showed large and succesive decreased body weight with the runs through the competition. The decreased body weight during the competition was influenced by the wind velocity, which supressed it considerably.<BR>4) Heart rate of a student long distance runner during 1600m run reached 180-189 beats per minute every run. Resting heart rate of general and student long distance groups showed circadian rhythm during the competition, but that of student runners was higher through the competition and their systolic pressure shows a tendency to below in later period of the competition.<BR>5) Threshold of knee jerk was low in the initial few runs and thereafter showed circadian rhythm. Reaction time to light was also facilitated in the initial runs and there-after prolonged about 30msec and maintained till the end of the competition. Frequency of subjective symptoms increased with number of the runs. At middle of the competition, it came over Sakai's standard and the A, B and C symptoms at the end of the competition were 33.0%, 20.0% and 25.0%, respectively.<BR>6) Calorie intake per day of the student long distance runners was in the range of 1240-2540Cal. Total energy consumption was estimated 7457Cal. per day.<BR>7) Blood glucose of the student long distance runners mostly unchanged through the competition, but serum triglyceride and total phospholipids significantly decreased and inversely serum free fatty acids prolongly mobilized.
ABSTRACT
34 male rats (13 weeks old) were used in this experiment. 11 rats were at rest and 23 rats were loaded to run on a treadmill with 2 degree slope at a speed of 25m/min. Relation between quantities of blood substances (plasma glycerol, blood lactate and plasma free fatty acids ; FFA) and lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue was studied to clarify a mechanism of lipolysis of the adipose tissue in the exercise.<BR>1) Plasma FFA and glycerol began to increase in parallel at 30 min after the run, but at exhaustion only plasma glycerol enhanced.<BR>2) Blood lactate increased at 10 min after the run and more at exhaustion.<BR>3) Basal lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue in vitro was not influenced by the run, while norepinephrine induced lipolysis of the adipose tissue decreased with lapse of running time. Relation between plasma FFA and lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue was inverse during the run.<BR>4) There was also inverse relation between blood lactate and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue induced with norepinephrine. From these results, it is assumed that the increase of plasma FFA during the exercise was not resulted from the increase of lipolytic activity of the adipose tissue stimulated with only norepinephrine and effects of other hormones (ACTH, Glucagon, Growth hormone and etc.) and their interactions on the lipolysis might be considered.
ABSTRACT
Lipolytic activity of adipose tissue with age has been widely investigated by many authors. There are differences on the conception of intrinsic lipolytic activity of a cell changed with aging. Since lipolytic activity has been expressed by amount of FFA release per wet weight, per triglyceride or per protein, increase of triglyceride or wet weight seems to be a main factor to affect on it. It is of interest, therefore, to investigate the intrinsic lipolytic activity of adipose tissue with aging from the relationship among FFA release, wet weight, protein and triglyceride content in adipose tissue.<BR>In the present paper, we investigated effect of aging on lipolysis by using epididymal adipose tissue in 29, 35, 43, 57, 105 and 350 days rats. Rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (4mg/100g body weight) and after that epididymal adipose tissue were removed and washed out the blood by 25°C Krebs-Ringer solution. The fat pads were placed in glass bottles containing Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer solution (pH 7.2-7.4), bovine serum albumin (4°C/ w/v) and epinephrine (3.9 pM/ litre) . Incubations were carried out in a shaking water bath for 120 min at 37°C under an atmosphere of 95% O<SUB>2</SUB>-5% CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Rate of lipolysis were determined by assaying the production of free fatty acids. Free fatty acids were titrated by Dole's method. Triglyc-eride and protein content in fat pads were assayd by Stern and Shapiro's method and Lowry's method, respectively.<BR>The following results were obtained<BR>1) Triglyceride-to-wet weight ratio and triglyceride-to-protein ratio in the adipose tissue corresponded to age (days) remarkably increased between 35 days and 43 days rats. However, after that, triglyceride-to-wet weight ratio was unchanged up to 350 clays rats.<BR>2) Maximum lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in rats with aging was observed at 29 days in the range studied and after that its lipolytic activity decreased with aging. This decreased phase of lipolytic activity seemed to be divided into two phases : one was fast decrease phase which was observed in the rats before 43 days, and the other was slow decrease in the rats after 57 days.<BR>3) Relationship between lipolytic activity and triglyceride-to-protein ratio in adipose tissue during aging showed inverse curvelinear relation, and it was found that lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was extremely inhibited at triglyceride-to-protein ratio more than ten.<BR>From these results, we assumed that increase of triglyceride content in adipose tissue was related with the decrease of lipolytic activity during aging and that the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue would be enhanced with decrease in triglyceride-to-protein ratio inversely.
ABSTRACT
Rats were loaded with exhaustive running by means of the treadmill at speeds of 15, 25, 35 and 40m/min, and relation between levels of the right ventricular blood substances and of myocardial energy sources was examined in reference to the intensity and duration of exercise. Moreover, when made to run at 25m/min, rats were sacrificed at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes to observe the above mentioned relation in the course of time.<BR>1. In case of exhaustion produced by running at 40m/min, both myocardial glycogen and triglyceride increased while blood sugar and serum FFA markedly depleted. In rats of exhaustion produced by running at 35m/min, myocardial glycogen and blood sugar decreased to the lowest level. Also, at 15m/min, both myocardial glycogen and trigly-ceride decreased. At this time, blood sugar decreased to 50mg/dl, while serum FFA showed increase.<BR>2. An antagonistic relation was observed between myocardial and serum phospholipid levels. Thus, when exercise intensity was high, myocardial phospholipids decreased while serum phospholipids increased. When the speed was 15m/min, the relation was reversed; i.e. myocardial phospholipids increasing while serum phospholipids decreasing.<BR>3. In the myocardial metabolic process during the running at 25m/min, myocardial triglyceride and plasma FFA depleted rapidly irrespective of change in blood sugar and myocardial glycogen level. When the speed was 25m/min, myocardial glycogen increased at 5min after the start of running.<BR>4. On the basis of these results, myocardial metabolism during the exercise was discussed.
ABSTRACT
For adult rats fed on the following six kinds of diets for about 80 days, intermediate metabolic substrates in serum, liver and skeletal muscle were determined. The components of feeding diet are as follows:<BR>1. STANDARD DIEF : 18% protein, 100 oil & 65% dextrin.<BR>2. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET: 29% protein, 25% oil & 39% dextrin.<BR>3. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET: 9% protein, 2% oil & 82% dextrin.<BR>4. STANDARD DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.<BR>5. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.<BR>6. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E. (reference : 1, 2, 3 ; due to National Institute of Nutrition)<BR>As the results increase of body weight was the least 3rd diet group, and by addition of choline chloride (above 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups) it were generally inhibited. Especially the latter phenomenon was remarkably observed in 6th diet group. Although intermediate metabolic substrates in skeletal muscle were no difference from their control levels, triglyceride and cholesterol of liver reduced also in 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, and FFA level of it increased on contrary. The triglycerides of interscapular brown fat and white fat of epididymis reduced in 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups. Furthermore, increase of triglyceride, FFA and cholesterol in serum observed in above 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, which will suggest that they might be removed from brown or white fat and choline chloride might play an important role of lipid-releasing effect from those tissues.
ABSTRACT
Since manifestation of exercise proteinuria was reported by Leube (1878), the nature of exercise urinary protein has been extensively studied. The physiological mechanisms of increased excretion of urinary protein during and after exercise still remain to be obscured. The investigation presented here, were performed for the purpose of knowing the decreasing rate of soccer players body weight in each position during the soccer game, which was considered as a prolonged heavy exercise, of identifing the excretion of exercise proteinuria after performance of the game, and of studying the relation among urinary total protein at that time and its fraction in disc-electrophoresis.<BR>The protein fractions of urine by disc-electrophoresis, compared with serum, manifested slight albumin fraction at rest, but it much increased after the game, and furthermore α<SUB>1</SUB>-, α<SUB>2</SUB>-globulin, transf errin and γ-globulin were observed.<BR>The decreasing rate of body weight, total protein level and its albumin fraction mutually have the parallel relationship. Urine albumin fraction could have a relation to the decrease of body weight of athlete in each position rather than total protein.<BR>These results mentioned above would suggest the exsistence of some relationship between the total volume of exercise and excretion of urine protein, especially albumin.
ABSTRACT
In the studies of physical motion analysis the multiple photographic method with a stroboscope or the fast motion picture which has been used, are not sufficient to pursue a motion of some kinds of sports and of some hidden physical spot only from one direction and difficult to synchronize picture obtaind from three direction.<BR>To make use of electrical engineering from the points of Physiology and Kinesiology, it is worthy of pursuing a physical motion on three dimensions, up & down, right & left and before & behind at once, and furthermore, physiological phenomena in electrocardiogram and electromyogram with connection to the above analyzer.<BR>For that purpose a physical locomotion pursuit analyzer (SN-type, refered to PLPA later on) was devised.<BR>The present devised analyzer is composed of a three dimensions-accelerometor in a gyroscope, a preamplifier, a integration amplifier and a pen-writing recorder.<BR>As already known in the principle of physics, velocity can be obtained by single integration of acceleration rate and displacement by double integration of a acceleration rate.<BR>In above the PLPA, therefore, acceleration rate, velocity and displacement, each of three dimensions can be determined. Capacity of the present analyzer was as follows; Frequency rate : 1.5-20.0 HZ (Static accelerated component under 1.5 HZ was cut by differentiation circuit of DC-cut), time constant of electrical integration circuit : about 0.2sec.<BR>In the present report the outline of PLPA and some data of our experiments obtained by use of it were dealt.<BR>The problems of the telemetering system of this analyzer and digital exhibition by connection to computer require further study.