Exploring Durable Genetic Resistance against Leaf Rust through Phenotypic Characterization and Lr34Linked STS Marker in Wheat Germplasm / Explorando a resistência genética duradoura contra a ferrugem da folha através da caracterização fenotípica e do STS marker relacionado ao (GENE) LR34 do germoplasma do trigo

Present study was aimed to screening the population of 25 wheat genotypes from Baluchistan region of Pakistan along with five commercial cultivars for leaf rust adult plant resistance (APR) through gene postulation using natural inoculation of Puccinia triticina Erikss local pathotype. Infection severity was recorded on scale in comparison with susceptible control "Morroco" cultivar. On the basis of phenotypic score, seven accessions and four varieties (Zardana-89, Sariab-92, Zarlashta-99 and Raskoh-05) with AUDPC values up to 20% were characterized as resistant genotypes. Coefficient of infection (CI) score ranged from 0-10 for some accessions and cultivars showing high level of adult plant resistance. Furthermore, bi-allelic STS marker csLV34 having close linkage with Lr34 (0.4cM). This marker amplified one gene specific allele of 150bp in 21 genotypes, including 19 accessions and two commercial varieties (Sariab-92 and Zarghoon-79) which confirmed presence of Lr34 gene conferring adult plant resistance against leaf rust. The rust pathogenicity scale varied for accessions from resistant to moderately susceptible. However, beside Lr34, phenotypic gene postulation, in combination with marker assisted selection for leaf rust resistance, has revealed presence of some other unknown resistance genes in local wheat germplasm which signified its use in wheat improvement programs both locally and abroad.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a triagem da população de 25 genótipos de trigo do Baluchistão, região do Paquistão, juntamente com cinco cultivares comerciais para o estudo da resistência à ferrugem da folha em plantas adultas (leaf rust adult plant resistance, APR, em inglês) através da postulação gênica usando a inoculação natural do patótipo local da Puccinia triticina Erikks. A gravidade da infecção foi registrada na escala em comparação ao cultivar de controle suscetível "Morroco". Com base na pontuação fenotípica, sete acessões e quatro variedades (Zardana-89, Sariab-92, Zarlashta-99 and Raskoh-05) com valores de AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve, em inglês) até 20% foram caracterizados como genótipos resistentes. A pontuação do coeficiente de infecção (CI) variou no intervalo de 0-10 para algumas acessões e cultivares evidenciando uma elevada resistência nas plantas adultas. Além disso, o STS marker para o csLV34 bi-alélico demonstrou uma ligação estreita com o Lr34 (0.4cM). Este marcador amplificou um alelo específico do gene do 150bp em 21 genótipos, incluindo 19 acessões e duas variedades comerciais (Sariab-92 and Zarghoon-79) o que confirmou a presença do gene Lr34 conferindo resistência às plantas adultas contra a ferrugem da folha. A escala de patogenicidade da ferrugem para as acessões de resistente a moderadamente suscetível. Contudo, além do Lr34, a postulação gênica fenotípica, em combinação com a seleção auxiliada (ou assistida) por marcadores para a resistência da ferrugem da folha, revelou a presença de outros genes resistentes desconhecidos no germoplasma do trigo local o que justifica a sua utilização em programas de melhoramento do trigo tanto a nível local quanto a nível internacional.

Intra-abdominal pathologies

To evaluate relative frequency, reasons, avoidable responsible factors and outcomes of relaparotomy. Observational case series study. Department of Surgery Unit III BVH Bahawalpur. From 01-9-2009 to 31-8-2010. All the patients who presented in surgical outdoor, indoor and casualty department with severe intra-abdominal pathologies after primary laparotomies referred from low level, secondary care and tertiary care hospital and underwent relaparotomy electively or on demand were included in the study. Retrospectively their demographic characteristics, initial diagnosis with surgical information of primary laparotomy, factors and outcomes after relaparotomies were analyzed statistically. A total 54 patients were included in the study with male to female ratio of 1:2. Mean age of the study group was 30.91 +/- 12.5 years. Relative frequency of relaparotomy was 5.6%. Common center of referral was low level hospital 66.7%. Most common indication of relaparotomy was peritonitis in 52%. Most common complication of relaparotomy was wound infection 74%. Avoidable factors responsible for relaparotomies were found to be surgery at low level hospitals [77.3%] and by nonqualified surgeons [72.1%]. The rate of relaparotomy is very high because of unsupervised primary surgery in institutions and surgery by unqualified operators in private sector. Many of these are avoidable. In addition to decreasing the complication rate, primary surgery performed at tertiary care hospitals would decrease need for patients to undergo re-exploration

Optimization of management for zygomatic complex fractures: a study at tertiary care teaching hospital in Pakistan

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, cause and characteristics of the zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, modalities of treatment used and analysis of post operative complaints at tertiary care teaching hospital in Multan Pakistan and compare the findings with similar studies. Study was conducted on 97 patients treated for zygomatic complex fractures during the period of January 2006 to June 2008 in the oral and maxillofacial surgery unit and trauma centre of a tertiary care, Nishter [teaching] hospital in Multan Pakistan.Out of 277 maxillofacial injuries received at this teaching hospital, 97 individuals were treated for zygomatic fractures. Patients according to treatment modalities were classified into two basic groups; Group-I: open reduction and rigid fixation with mini or micro plates, Group-II: open reduction and fixation with soft stainless steel wire sutures. Data, regarding age, sex, location, etiology of zygomatic complex fracture, modality of treatment used and post operative complaints of patients, were collected, tabulated, analyzed and compared with similar other studies. Total of 97 patients were treated for Zygomaticomaxillary fractures, male to female ratio was 13:1, majority [53.6%] of patients belonged to age group of 16-30 years, isolated zygomatic complex fractures were 35.1% followed by associated fractures with mandible [33%] and with maxilla [25.8%], majority of patients [74.2%] were treated in G-I and [25.8%] were treated in G-II. Uneventful recovery was there in 93 individuals [95.9%], four patients [4.2%] had post operative complications in the form of enophthalmos, limited opening of mouth, facial asymmetry and infection at surgery site. These complications were subsequently treated successfully as a secondary procedure for all the patients. This study has shown that road traffic accidents are responsible for most zygomatic complex fractures in our environment. Zygomatic fractures are commonly associated with other facial fractures mainly mandible, open precise reduction and reliable internal miniplate fixation optimized the esthetic and functional results in treating such fractures

Effect of head positioning on outcome after Burr hole craniostomy for chronic subdural haematoma

To determine the effect of position of the patient's head after burr hole craniostomy on the outcome of chronic subdural haematoma, in terms of haematoma efflux, hospital stay and recurrence rate. Quasi experimental. Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from February 2007 to February 2008. Sixty patients were divided in two equal groups of 30 patients each. Group A patients were kept flat after the burr hole craniostomy and group B patients were kept with head end of bed elevated by 30°. The results were statistically analysed through software SPSS 14. The mean age was 59.98 +/- 13.7 years. There was predominance of males [M:F=3.2:1]. The location of haematoma was frontoparietal in majority [72%], right sided in 31 [51.6%], left sided in 20 [30%] and bilateral in 9 [15%] patients. Average daily output was 152 ml in group A and 142 ml in group B. Haematoma efflux was found to be sufficient in 26 [86.6%] patients of group A and 27 [90%] of group B. Wound infection occurred in 2 patients of group A and 1 in group B. Seizures occurred in 2 patients of group A and 3 of group B. Although, there was longer hospital stay for group A vs. group B [p=0.002], recurrence rate was insignificant amongst the two groups as 10% vs. 13% [p=0.688]. Assuming a 30° head up position soon after operation in cases of chronic subdural haematoma does not significantly affect the outcome and recurrence

Optimization in treatment modality for mandibular fracture

This study aims to provide analysis of mandibular fracture treated in a tertiary care hospital during the period from 1 st January 2006 to 30 th June 2008, it also share the author's experience of using different modalities to treat mandibular fractures and their outcome for comparison with other similar studies in literature. One hundred and ninety nine patients with mandibular fractures were included in this study. The age, sex, etiology, fracture characteristics, associated facial injuries, various methods of management and postoperative complications were evaluated. According to treatment modality used, patients were classified into four groups; G-I, closed reduction [CR] and Maxillomandibular fixation [MMF], G-II, open reduction and internal fixation [ORIF] with miniplate, G-III, open reduction and internal fixation with wire, G-IV, closed reduction and acrylic splint fixation with circum-mandibular wiring. Road traffic accident was the commonest cause of mandibular fracture, with male to female ratio 8:1, age of the patients range from 3-68 yrs; mean age was 27 yrs with Std +/- 13.8. Majority of the patients belonged to age group 16 to 30 years, isolated mandible fractures were 72.9%, common site of fracture was parasymphysis [33.2%]. Mainly open reduction and internal fixation techniques employed for [110] cases [G-II] showed good results with fewer complications. The study re-emphasized that ORIF with miniplate osteosynthesis is a reliable method for mandibular fracture management with multiple advantages and fewer complications

Head trauma due to earthquake October 2005 - experience of 300 cases at the combined military hospital Rawalpindi

To assess the spectrum and management of he ad injuries among earthquake victims. Case series. The study was conducted at Surgical Ward II, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from October 2005 to December 2006. Three hundred consecutive cases of head injury, secondary to earthquake were included in the study. Plain X-rays of skulls were undertaken in clinically stable patients with head injuries. Cases with altered level of consciousness and compound depressed fractures were advised CT scan of head. Pus swabs were taken from open wounds. Proformas were maintained for every patient. Head injury was classified as mild, moderate and severe, and each patient was treated accordingly. One hundred and twenty three [41%] patients were children under 10 years of age. Adults below 55 years were 69 [23%] and above 55 years were 108 [36%]. Mean age was 32.2 years [SD + 6.7]. Female to male ratio was 1.1:1. One hundred and sixty five [55%] cases were of mild head injury, 103 [34.3%] patients had moderate head injury and 32 [10.7%] patients had severe head injury. Majority [48.7%] of patients was managed conservatively. Minor surgeries were done in 17% of patients and major surgeries were done in 34.3% of patients. Glasgow Outcome Scale assessment was made at the end of 6 months and 1 year. Mortality increased from 3.3% to 7% in one year time. Patients at the extremes of age are more vulnerable to trauma and should be given timely attention in disaster management plans. General and trauma surgeons should be well-versed with the techniques and indications of burr hole evacuation of life threatening intracranial haematomas in situations, where early evacuation is unattainable

Role of advanced CT Scan and management of maxillofacial trauma at tertiary care hospital in Taif Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Find out the role of advanced CT-Scan information at early stage for optimal care and early recovery of polytrauma patients and to compare causes and pattern of maxillofacial injuries to similar studies. A retrospective study was carried out at King Abdul Aziz Specialist Hospital-Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by reviewing files, radiographs and CT- scans of 78 patients treated during two years [Jan.2003- Jan.2005]. Data regarding age, cause of fracture, anatomic site, treatment modalities and clinical results were reviewed Male to female ratio was 77% and 23% respectively and age group of 21y to 30y [69%] were predominantly involved in maxillofacial injuries. Cause of trauma in all patients was road traffic accidents and no one was alcoholic. Majority of patients [66.6%] were drivers and 61% had polytrauma with severe facial injuries. Surgical interventions were needed in 97.5% of patients and were managed by open reduction and internal fixation [ORIF] with plates and screws. Mean delay between admission to hospital and surgery was 6 days. There were 14% complications in total, 6.4% as plate removal, 5% enophthalmoses and 2.5% Malocclusion.. Severely injured patients had more complications. Causes and incidence of maxillofacial injuries vary from one country to another. ORIF by screws and plates is a standard of care for maxillofacial fractures. Advanced CT-scan and 3-D information at early stage facilitate team work by neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons and maxillofacial surgeons and play an important role in optimal care and early recovery of poly trauma patients

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in northern areas of Pakistan

Forty patients were studied during 1983-88 at hospitals affiliated with Rawalpindi Medical College. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, was found to be more prevalent among patients from Northern areas as compared to Southern areas of Pakistan. Frequent weather changes and racial susceptibility are suggested as possible causes. In a majority left side was involved. None of the patients were under the age of 7 years. Eye lids were involved in 100% patients ocular involvement was seen in slightly less than 50% patients. Maculopathy, seen in one patient was an interesting finding, not reported before. Rural population was found to have a higher threshold for post herpetic neuralgic pain. Post herpetic neuralgia was found to be directly proportional to the intensity of scarring. The use of calamine for skin lesions caused more scarring antibiotics with steroid ointments and creams produced minimal scarring