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Purpose: This study focused on the genetic screening of Myocilin (MYOC), Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1), Optineurin (OPTN), and SIX homeobox 6 (SIX6) genes in a family with coexistence of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and juvenile open?angle glaucoma (JOAG). Methods: Sanger sequencing was used to examine the coding region of all four genes. Six different online available algorithms were used for the pathogenicity prediction of missense variant. Structural analysis was done using Garnier–Osguthorpe–Robson (GOR), PyMol, ChimeraX, and Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations (using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)?enabled Desmond module of Schrödinger). Results: There were a total of three sequence variants within the family. All seven algorithms determined that a single mutation, G538E, in the OPTN gene is pathogenic. The loops connecting the strands became more flexible, as predicted structurally and functionally by pathogenic mutations. Mutations create perturbations and conformational rearrangements in proteins, hence impairing their functioning. Conclusion: In this study, we describe a North Indian family in which members were having JOAG and PCG due to a rare homozygous/ heterozygous mutation in OPTN. The coexistence of two types of glaucoma within a single pedigree suggests that certain OPTN mutations may be responsible for the onset of different glaucoma phenotypes.
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Purpose: To calculate the surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) in MSICS through a superiorly placed straight scleral incision closed with a single, central, perpendicular 10?0 polyamide suture and to document any suture?related complaints and complications. Methods: A retrospective, hospital?based study was carried out in 50 cases of uncomplicated senile cataract (>50 year) with nuclear sclerosis ? grade 4, 搘ith the rule� astigmatism who underwent MSICS through a superior, straight incision with a single, central, perpendicular 10?0 nylon suture. Patients with 揳gainst the rule� astigmatism, keratoconus, pre?existing corneal opacity, astigmatism >2D, distorted or oblique mires, and previous ocular surgeries and unwilling to participate were excluded. Results: The mean age of the patients was 64.81 + 2.824 years, with a male: female ratio of 1.38:1. The mean SIA at day 7, week 6, and 12 weeks was 0.539 + 0.118, 0.529 + 0.134, and 0.524 + 0.129, respectively. Only 6 patients (12%) complained of foreign body sensation. No patient developed any suture?related complications. Conclusion: SIA is significantly reduced in straight incision by applying a single, central, and perpendicular 10?0 polyamide suture, as compared to a straight incision without a suture.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the association of near work and dim light with myopia among school children in a district in North India. Methods: This study included a total of 1400 children of either sex studying in classes 5?10 in various schools of a district in North India, after taking consent from their guardians. Visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart. Myopes were called to our institute where wet retinoscopy was done and spectacles were prescribed. Results: There was a highly statistically significant correlation between myopia and increase in reading hours (P=0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia and >6hours of using mobile phones /week, more hours spent on using mobile phones correlated with an increased prevalence of myopia (P< 0.01). There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia and increasing hours of playing video games (P<0.01). We found a highly statistically significant positive correlation between the prevalence of myopia and reading in dim light (P=0.0006). Conclusion: There was a positive association between myopia and hours of doing near work. The prevalence of myopia increased with increased hours of doing near work (reading, playing video games and using mobile phones). The study showed a correlation between reading in dim light and myopia. Prevention of myopia may be possible by avoiding these risk factors.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of parental and childhood myopia among school children aged 5–16 years in North India. Methods: This study included a total of 1400 children aged 5–16 years in a district in North India. Visual acuity was measured using a Snellen’s chart. Children with myopia after retinoscopy were worked up in detail in our institute and a history of parental myopia was taken. Results: A total of 1400 students studying in class 5–10, aged between 5 and 16 years, were screened. A total of 487 students had myopia. Of the 487 myopes, 220 (45.2%) had parental myopia, of which 115 (30.1%) had myopia in both parents, 64 (19.3%) had mothers with myopia, and 41 (13.3%) had fathers with myopia. The prevalence of paternal (P = 0.001) and maternal (P = 0.002) myopia in myopes compared to parental myopia in emmetropes was found to be highly significant. There was a highly significant statistical correlation between maternal myopia and myopia in the child, when compared to the presence of myopia in both the parents (P = 0.007). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia in the parents and children, which was more significant in the mothers of the children
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Comparative evaluation of bepotastine besilate versus olopatadine and ketorolac combination onupper tarsal conjunctival brush cytology in patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. This studywas a prospective, open label, randomized, comparative clinical study. 100 patients of vernalkeratoconjunctivitis between 6 to 20 years of age of either sex willing to give informed consentwere enrolled in the study. In Group 1, 50 patients received Bepotastine besilate (0.15%) eyedrops twice daily for 8 weeks whereas in Group 2, 50 patients received Olopatadine (0.2%) andKetorolac (0.4%) combination eye drops twice daily for 8 weeks. Upper tarsal conjunctival brushcytology for eosinophil count was done in both the drug groups during the baseline and at 8th weekduring the treatment. It was found that after the 2 months of drug therapy, patients in both thegroups showed reduction in the eosinophil count. However, there was no statistically significantdifference between the two treatment groups at the baseline and at 8th week. There was 32%reduction in group A versus 28% reduction in group B in eosinophil count at the end of 8th weekcompared to baseline. Both bepotastine besilate versus olopatadine and Ketorolac combinationwere found to be effective in reducing the eosinophil count in patients of VKC.
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Background: An even and smooth ocular surface is vital for the functioning and comfort of the eyes. Dry eye is a group of disorders of the tear film which is due to either decreased production or increased evaporation and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort. Smoking and drugs have been suggested as risk factors in various studies. Cyclosporine has been shown to reduce the cell-mediated inflammatory reactions associated with the inflammatory ocular surface disease.Methods: 50 eyes of 25 patients suffering from dry-eye syndrome were included in this study. Three major ocular symptoms of dry eye i.e., ocular pain, burning, and foreign body sensation were studied in this study. Each symptom was given a score from 0 to 1 so that the ocular symptoms were given a score from 0 to 3.Results: There was a significant reduction in ocular symptoms score (OSS) 2.25 before treatment to 0.6 after 3 months of treatment (p=0.01). In addition, the Schirmer's paper test scores improved from 1.23 mm to 5.91 mm, which is significantly different (p=0.001). The tear film breakup time also improved from 5.49s to 9.86s.Conclusions: Cyclosporine 0.05% has been established to be effective and safe in our study.
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Objective: Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety ofBepotastine besilate versus Olopatadine and Ketorolaccombination in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, open label,randomized, comparative clinical study. Hundred patients ofvernal keratoconjunctivitis between 6 to 20 years of age ofeither sex willing to give informed consent were enrolled in thestudy. In Group 1, 50 patients received Bepotastine besilate(0.15%) eye drops twice daily for 8 weeks whereas in Group 2,50 patients received Olopatadine (0.2%) and Ketorolac (0.4%)combination eye drops twice daily for 8 weeks. Symptoms andsigns scoring of VKC were recorded on baseline and at thetime of follow up at 4 and 8 weeks. Safety assessments werealso done in both the drug groups during the study period forany serious adverse effects.Results: After the 2 months of drug therapy, patients in boththe groups showed improvement in the symptoms and signsscoring of VKC. However, there was no statistically significantdifference between the two treatment groups at 4th and 8thweek. Both the drugs were well tolerated without any seriousadverse effect.Conclusion: Both bepotastine besilate versus olopatadine andKetorolac combination ophthalmic solutions were found to beeffective in alleviating the clinical symptoms and signs of VKC.
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Ocular itching and redness adversely affect the quality-of-life of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) patients. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate changes in VKC patient's quality-of-life (QOL). The present study was prospective, open label,randomized, comparative clinical study. Hundred patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis between 6 to 20 years of age of eithersex willing to give informed consent were enrolled in the study. In Group A, 50 patients received Bepotastine besilate (0.15%)eye drops twice daily for 8 weeks whereas in Group B, 50 patients received Olopatadine (0.2%) and Ketorolac (0.4%)combination eye drops twice daily for 8 weeks. The Quality of Life Questionnaire (QUICK) is a reliable and validated which wasassessed at baseline and at the time of follow up at 8 weeks. QUICK Questionnaire scores range from 30 to 90 with higher valuesrepresenting greater impairment. A decrease in QUICK Questionnaire score is clinically meaningful to the patients.The results showed that after the 2 months of drug therapy, patients in both the groups showed decrease in the quality of lifescoring of VKC. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups at 8th week. It maybe concluded that both bepotastine besilate versus olopatadine and Ketorolac combination ophthalmic solutions were found to beeffective in alleviating the clinical symptoms and signs of VKC. Hence, improving the quality of life of VKC patients.Keywords: Mast cell stabilizer, Topical NSAIDs, Newer H1-antihistaminics, Vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Quality of life
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Ocular trauma is an important cause of visual loss and disability. It can be categorized as penetrating and nonpenetrating. Penetrating ocular injury may result in ocular damage of various degrees. With use of modern diagnostic techniques, surgical approaches and rehabilitation, many eyes can be salvaged with retention of vision. But penetrating ocular trauma is a complicated and challenging condition.