ABSTRACT
Caffeine [1,3,7-trimethylxanthine] is the widely consumed substance all over the world. It is found in coffee, tea, cocoa, etc. Caffeine [CF] is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; peak plasma concentration reaches in about 15 to 120 min after oral ingestion in humans without any significant first-pass effect. There are some drugs which are responsible for the inhibition of metabolism of CF. It also exerts its effect in higher doses on different body organs like neuro, gastrointestinal, renal, respiration, skeletal muscle, cardiovascular systems. Those who are regular consumer of tea, coffee, or CF containing beverages are at the higher risk for the development of CF toxicity which can lead even to death of an individual. The dependence and withdrawal side effects of CF include anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, nervousness, tremors, gastrointestinal upset, tachycardia, psychomotor agitation, etc
ABSTRACT
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, which is involved in hematopoiesis and the synthesis of amino acids and DNA. It is widely used for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia. Tetrahydrofolic acid is the fully reduced form of folic acid and is the parent compound of a variety of coenzymes that serve as carriers of one-carbon groups in metabolic reactions. The daily use of supplemental folic acid periconceptionally significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects. The genetic polymorphisms affecting the structure-function of folate-related enzymes have been associated with the increased risk of birth defects and chronic diseases including vascular diseases and different types of cancers. Therapeutic use of folic acid has been found to greatly reduce the prevalence of these diseases