ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C infection imposes a high economic burden globally. It has been estimated that in 2012, the healthcare cost of Hepatitis C virus [HCV] was dollars6.5 billion. Furthermore, it has been projected that the cost will reach at 9.1 billion dollars by the year 2024.Frequency of hepatitis C in Pakistan is significantly higher [4.5%] when compared to the populations like India [0.7%], Nepal [1.0], Myanmar [2.5%], Iran [0.8%], China [1%] and Afghanistan [1.1%]. The current standard of care for chronic infection with hepatitis C virus is 24 or 48 weeks of therapy with Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a [Peg INF] +Ribavirin [RV] or Interferon alfa-2a [INF] + RV. The objective of this study was to determine that which combination is more effective and the gain in sustained virologic response [SVR] is worth the incremental cost. In total 84 patients were enrolled who received current standard treatment of care for chronic infection with HCV either 24 or 48 weeks of therapy with Peg INF + RV or INF + RV. A pharmacoeconomic analysis was done including fixed and variable cost [comprising concomitant therapies, emergency visits and hospital admissions] of both treatment regimens were calculated and compared with the SVR accomplished by the patients. It was concluded that the Peg INF + RV is cost effective as compared with conventional INF + RV for the treatment of adult patients infected with HCV genotype 3a under a varied array of possibilities regarding treatment costs and effectiveness
ABSTRACT
Objectives: cancer is the second leading cause of death and has a complex etiology. Efforts are being made to target different components for its treatment. Developments in the field of molecular biology have led the researchers to target apoptotic pathway. This study has been designed to assess the apoptotic effect of the extract of withaniacoagulans on different cancer cell lines
Methodology: this study was designed to check the anticancer activity of withaniacoagulans and to compare it in different cancer cell lines
Results: the extract of withaniacoagulans proved to be equally effective in hela, vero and bhk cell lines even at concentration of 1 O[micro]g/ml
Conclusions: the extract has a potential to act as apoptotic compound. Study can be elaborated by isolating different components and assessing their role as apoptotic molecules on individual basis
ABSTRACT
Background: carcinoma of the breast is a disease of complex etiology and is discussed in terms of risk factors which include increasing age, increased exposure to estrogen, over weight and obesity etc; Efforts are being made to get more al]d more insight of the· etiology to decrease its occurrence, for early diagnosis and to have good prognosis. The main objective of the study was to determi11e the serum levels of estradiol and to assess· its correlation "with body mass index [BMI >25 kg/m2] in female patients with carcinoma of the breast and healthy over-weight and obese females
Material and Methods: serum levels of 3ffconfrofs-[healthy] and 60 cases [Carcinoma of the breast females] were analyzed for Estradiol and were correlated with their BMI. Levels were estimated by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELIS4] and correlation was calculated by regression analysis and correlation coefficient
Result: overall trend of obesity was observed in cases [patients with carcinoma of the breast]. Serum estradiol leye3fs showed strong correlation with BMI in' both cases [p=0.11] and control [p=0.002]
Conclusion: it is concluded that obesity remains an important risk factor for carcinoma of the Breast.-Serum estradiol levels are strongly associated with Body Mass Index