ABSTRACT
Theileriosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites which belong to genus Theileria. It can be transmitted through ixodid ticks. Mostly the distribution of Theileria species are restricted to subtropical and tropical regions. Theileria species cause economically significant diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats in Pakistan by infecting domestic and wild ruminants. This is a neglected disease in Pakistan because limited research work has been done yet on it. Ovine theileriosis cases were recorded from published data from 2013-2016 in different geographic regions of Pakistan. The intensity and risk factors were also determined in KPK Province of Pakistan. Theleriosis have been reported from all over Pakistan during period 2013-2016. The prevalence of Theleria annulata in buffaloes ticks was 72.91% (875) in urban regions of Hyderabad and it was 80.8% (970) in periurban regions during period 2013-2014. In 2016, prevalence of ovine theileriosis in KPK districts was as 27.5% in Dera Ismail Khan, 13% in Tank and 19.5% in Bannu. It is concluded that paying close attention to animal keeping, feeding and housing may diminish the occurrence of theileriosis in sheep. The higher prevalence might be due to lack of awareness by the community, farming system of the rural livestock of, absence of diagnostic facilities, expensive acaricidal drugs and poor economic condition of farmers.
ABSTRACT
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a disease affecting domestic livestock and wild animals which can spread to humans. It is caused by infection with a tick- borne virus (Nairovirus) in the family Bunyaviridae or by contacting with infected tissues or from animal blood. CCHF cases were recorded from published data from 2013 to 2018 in different geographic regions of Pakistan. The intensity and risk factors were also determined from all four provinces of Pakistan. A total of 391 cases of CCHF have been reported from all over Pakistan during period of 2013-2018. Majority of them were recorded at the time of Eid-ul-Adha. CCHF cases were identified predominantly in Baluchistan (n=12), Karachi (n=5), Bahawalpur (n=2), and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n=1). The prevalence of disease were different in different areas of Pakistan (Fata 1%, Islamabad 5%, Punjab 21%, Sindh 8%, KPK 14% and Baluchistan 39%). The political disturbances faced by the Pakistan have increased Pakistan's susceptibility because large number of refugees have migrated to Pakistan from Afghanistan which is an endemic country. Most of the immigrants and their cattles from Afghanistan settled in Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan provinces which ultimately cause higher prevalence of CCHF in these arears. Currently there is no complete cure or commercially available vaccine of CCHF available in Pakistan. Mostly Ribavirin antiviral drug is used to treat CCHF. The disease can be controlled by implementing preventive measures like avoiding contact with blood of the suspected animal and tick bites.