Improved limit of detection and quantitation development and validation procedure for quantification of zinc in Insulin by atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple and expeditious analytical method for determination of zinc in human insulin isophane suspension by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer [FAAS] was validated. The method was carried out on atomic absorption spectrometer with 0.4nm b and width, 1.0 filter factor on deuterium [D2] background correction. The integration time was set at 3.0 second with 5.0mA lamp current. The parameters of method validation showed adequate linearity, efficiency and relative st and ard deviation values were between 0.64%-1.69% [n=7], 1.31%-1.58% [n=10] for repeatability and intermediate precision respectively. The limit of detection 0.0032µg/mL, 0.0173µg/mL, 0.0231µg/mL and limit of quantitation 0.0107µg/mL, 0.0578µg/mL, 0.0694µg/mL based on signal to noise [SN], calibration curve method [CCM] and fortification of blank [FB] were obtained respectively. The percentages of recovery for low, medium and high spiked concentration levels of zinc in human insulin were 99.38+/-0.04 to 100.3+/-0.03, 98.45+/-0.38 to 100.3+/-0.07 and 99.42+/-0.03 to 99.42+/-0.08 respectively. With the use of this method, five samples from each vial of human insulin isophane suspension were analyzed and the zinc content was determined. The zinc content were 22.1+/-0.025µg/mL and 24.3+/-0.028 µg/mL which compliance the British Pharmacopoeia st and ard.

Human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]: a treatment of oligospermia

The most commonly accepted definition of the term infertility is the lack of pregnancy [regardless of cause] after one year of unprotected intercourse. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age. Its prevalence has been stable during the past 50 years, although a shift in etiology and in the age of the patient has occurred. In Pakistan there are roughly 10-15% newly married couples who require some kind of medical help before they can become parents. Even if the wife is fertile and the husband is normal, there is roughly 1 in 3 chances the wife will conceive. A total of 17 patients were diagnosed for Oligospermia and were placed in one group. 5000 IU of hCG were administered intramuscularly once a week for four month. Every month serum testosterone and semen count was analyzed. Progressive increase of semen count was observed in four month. hCG though, never produced in male but has significant effect on spermatogenesis via LH receptor. Initial value of 25 million/ml roused to 69 million/ml in just four month. Use of hCG in male infertility is though common world wide but it has not gained its popularity in Pakistan. General awareness of its usage especially among physicians treating infertility is required

Extensor mechanism sparing approach to the elbow for reduction and internal fixation of intercondylar fracture of the humerus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short term results of extensor mechanism sparing approach to the elbow for fixation of intercondylar fractures of the distal end of humerus and compare it with existing Surgical approaches. DESIGN: This is a prospective study conducted from June, 1992 to June, 1997. SETTING: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and Mehran Clinic [Pvt.], Karachi. PRINCIPLE OF SURGICAL APPROACH: This approach is based upon the principle that by sparing the extensor mechanism, we reduce the amount of surgical trauma and help in early rehabilitation which can contribute in improving the results of this difficult fracture. There were nine type 2 fractures, eight type 3 fractures and four type 4 fractures according to Rise borough and Radin classification. Based upon the same authors criteria, there were over all 57.14% good 23.81% fair and 19.04% poor results. Adequate exposure was achieved in all of type 2 and seven [87.5%] out of eight type 3 fractures. We failed in type 4 fractures. Mean operating time was 107.38 [ +/- 24.67] minutes. The results in this series are comparable to other studies. They can however be improved with proper selection of cases, experience with the technique along with better fixation and rehabilitations

Osseous hydatid disease

Osseous hydatid disease is caused by larval stage of Ecchinococcus granulosa and is common in sheep and cattle farming areas. The man is accidental intermediate host. Common sites are liver and lung. Bone involvement is rarely seen. Bonly lesion commonly presents al age of 30 to 60 years. Common sites are vertebral column, pelvis, femur and skull. Joint involvement without bony focus is exceedingly rare. Preoperative diagnosis of bony lesion is very difficult, and high index of suspicion along with plain radiography and immunological test are major tools for diagnosis. Computerized tomography [CT] and Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI] are helpful in determining the extent of bony and soft tissue lesions. The treatment is combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Recurrences are common. This report presents case histories of two patients dealt at this institute

Testicular hemorrhagic infarction

Haemorrhagic infarction of testis is a rare condition, which usually presents during neonatal period. One of the patients reported here was seen at the age of two and half months. At this age it is not possible to exclude diagnosis of malignancy without histological examination. This condition may be similar to sternomastoid haematoma of the neck. Due to almost total destruction of the testis, orchidectomy is a logical treatment. The haemorrhagic testis eventually resolves into a small fibrous remnant. Haemorrahgic infarction of testis in the neonatal period is a rare condition. Two such cases were seen by the author within space of three months. One of the patients however was two and a half months old which is rather a late age of presentation and needs recording