ABSTRACT
Transitional cell carcinoma is a very rare histological subtype of endometrial cancer. To date, only 21 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the endometrium have been reported in the international literature. Due to the rarity of this disease, current management is controversial and includes various approaches, mostly described in the adjuvant setting, both radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone or in combination. Here, we report a case of a 62-year-old patient who underwent radical total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)Transitional Cell Carcinomas (TCC) of endometrium are unusual tumours occurring in the female genital tract, most commonly occurring in the ovary, accounting to nearly 2 % of the carcinomas.2 Rarest site of presentation of TCC is Endometrium and with least number of cases having diagnosed primitive endometrial disease which are described in literature.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 Therefore, it is very troublesome for these patients to have any definite guidance with regard to after-surgery adjuvant therapy, due to different adjunct treatments, including external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy or the internal radiation therapy and chemo which were previously used.Therefore, we report an unexpected face-off / confrontation with a highly unusual case of pure endometrial TCC, where we treated the patient with surgery as the patient declined any kind / modality of further treatment.
ABSTRACT
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases present with symptoms of abdominal pain, heartburn, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, difficulty in swallowing, dysphagia, bloated abdomen, significant weight loss, fullness after having very little meal, and melena. Taking into account of just the upper GI bleed incidence, it ranges from 50 to 150/100,000 population annually, and time trend analyses suggest that aged people constitute an increasing proportion of those presenting with acute upper GI bleed.1An upper GI endoscopy or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy/ EGD aids in diagnosing and treating disorders of upper GIT. Endoscopy gives a visual look of GI mucosa and allows tissue sampling, for further assessment by pathologist. Abnormal endoscopic appearance indicates a disease, where biopsy will confirm.2 Histopathological examination (HPE) is the best confirmatory tool to confirm and find the diagnosis.3Various lesions affecting THE GIT are classified organ wise i.e. oesophageal, gastric and duodenal lesions. Clinical history remains central in evaluating oesophageal symptoms. Chief oesophageal symptoms are pyrosis, reflux, chest pain, dysphagia and odynophagia. Heartburn/pyrosis, is most frequent intermittent oesophageal symptom, presenting as an uneasiness/ burning sensation in retrosternum radiating toward neck. It occurs mostly after eating/while lying recumbent.4
ABSTRACT
Background: Aim of the study was to compare the speed of response, false-alarm rate, and subject preference of different response methods i.e. raising a hand, using response switch, and oral response mode for measuring pure-tone thresholds. Methods: Forty five participants (female-21 and 24 male) were included in the study with sensorineural hearing loss of various degree. Response method order was randomly assigned to 3 different sessions. Air-conduction thresholds were measured thrice for each participant in octave intervals between 250 Hz and 8000 Hz. The 2nd and 3rd session were performed for different response method on a different day but within 2 weeks of the 1st session. Results: Difference in the time was noted when compared with the extent of time required to complete the test for each response method. On an average, using the pushbutton method took 3.02 to 3.42 minutes less than using hand-raise or verbal response methods. There was also a significant participant preference for using the response button. No significant difference between response method for threshold level and number of false positives (P = 0.15) was found. Conclusion: This study supports the use of the response button when measuring auditory thresholds for sensorineural hearing loss.