Study on quality and efficacy of commercial tylosin and doxycycline products against local isolates of mycoplasma in broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the quality and efficacy of commercially available preparations of tylosin and doxycycline available in the local market at Peshawar for poultry. In vitro and in vivo, tests were conducted to check the quality of these antimicrobial drugs. In vitro quality control test was performed by High performance liquid chromatographic [HPLC] and micro dilution method. In vivo, efficacy of the test drugs was checked in broilers infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Results of HPLC indicated that test drug-2 contains doxycycline hydrochloride within specified limits but contain high quantity of active ingredient [Tylosin tartrate 120%]. Recovery percentage of test drugs [3, 4, 5] were below the pharmacopoeial limit, which contained low quantity of tylosin tartrate [85%, 87.5%, 85%] respectively however, percent recovery of doxycycline were in the appropriate limits. All the tested drugs were effective against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and showed minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] at 1.9micro g/ml. The in vivo result indicated that all tested drugs decreased morbidity and mortality in infected chicks. The birds treated with test drugs [3 and 5] showed mortality of 9.5%, which was slightly higher than the other test groups. The current study suggested that there are incidences of substandard drugs in Pakistan and the drug regularity authorities should take strict actions against the manufacturing companies

Pattern of diabetic patients attending Mian Munshi [DHQ-I] Hospital, Bund Road, Lahore-Punjab

This study is aimed to examine the presenting features of diabetic admission in wards such data would be useful to determine the burden on health care system and planning of appropriate management strategy. This prospective, hospital based cross sectional study was carried out at Mian Munshi [DHQ-I] Hospital, Lahore for a period of 6 months from April 2005 to September 2005 324 patients of diabetes mellitus visiting OPD or admitted in Medical, Surgical and Gynaecology wards were studied. It was observed that major reasons for admission were infections [24.1%], neurological disease [19.1%], cardiac disease [16.7%] and diabetic foot disease [4.9%] Mean diabetes duration were observed as 7.36 + 6.06 years Before admission the patients were being treated with sulfonylureas [45.7%] biguanides [8.6%] combination of sulfonylureas and biguanides [18.5] insulin [24.5%] and diet therapy [1.9%] Two [0.6%] patients were not taking any treatment Among 324 diabetic patients 52[16.04%] died due to different reasons. Resource utilization could be more optimized if the avoidable admission of diabetes are reduced by education and effective preventive out door patient care in hospitals

Fever in young children up to 5 years of age standard case management measures.

In a child with acute respiratory infection, fever is not a specific sign of pneumonia and not an indication for antibiotic treatment. The fever, in a child of 1[st] two month of age indicates possible severe bacterial infection. Lab. Investigation and proper management is needed. Febrile children should be treated with proper management strictly according to the suggestion/recommendations of the NMP. i.e National Malaria Programme. The cause of fever, in the febrile children should be assessed with a great care. A reliable data from laboratory immunological studies and animal studies suggest the moderate rise in body temp; improve immune defense mechairism against infections, which may be desirable. In children with very high grade fever i.e. above 40 degree C or in severely ill children e.g. severely found. Rapid rise in body temperature, the febrile convulsions are also associated but these may generally resolve spontaneously and does not result in neurological complications. In the young children listlessness and anorexia are also associated with high fever. The paracetamol is a drug of choice and is highly effective in the treatment of fever; in the young children recommended dose is 10-15 mg/kg body wt. 6 hourly. Individual careful assessment is essential. Antipyretic treatment is Offered to the suffering child feeling discomfort with fever. According to the WHO recommendations, in the guideline for standard AR1-case management, the treatment with paracetamol in children 2 month up to 5 years of age be limited to those suffering with high grade fever i.e. 39 degree C [rectal] or above, supportive

Prevalence of malnutrition in the children 5 to 10 years of age in district Layyah-Punjab

To find out the extent of malnutrition in children 5- 10 years of age An epidemiological survey: Specifically Cross sectional approach or point-in-time. The study was carried out in the 2 Town Committees [T.Cs] and 10 Union Councils [U.Cs] of the District Layyah. The period of study was three months from Feb. 01, 2005 to April 30, 2005. A representative systematic random sample of 684 children 5-10 years of age was obtained. Weight versus age, height versus age, triceps skin fold thickness and clinical examination were used as parameters for the assessment of the nutritional status. There were 312[45.62%] males and 372[54.38%] female children 5-10 years of age in the study population. General overall picture indicated that 227[33.2%] children were normal and 409[59. 8%] under weight and 48[7%] over weight [457[66.8%] were suffering from malnutrition]. Out of The malnourished children 144[35.3%] had 1st degree, 156[38.1%] had 2nd degree, 77[18.8%] had 3rd degree and 32[7.8%] had 4th degree malnutrition respectively. The current study has revealed that malnutrition in children 5-10 years of age is not the result of a single factor; there are multiple factors, which play an important role in determining their nutritional status. These include maternal education, number of children in the family, and socio-economic status of the family