ABSTRACT
The highly oriented modern detection techniques provide a precise and definite tool for investigation in natural medicines. Current study directed the standardization of eminent biomarker Vasicine in a natural cough syrup. A highly accurate and precise method of High-performance thin layer chromatography [HPTLC] has been developed to certify the quantity of vasicine inside the syrup. Ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and ammonia [6:3:1: 1 v/v] were mobile phase for the study. The TLC plate silica gel G60F254 was used with CAMAG Scanner III and CAMAG Linomate 5. The detected Rf value was 0.51 in both sample and reference standard at 254 nm. International conference of Harmonization [ICH] guidelines were followed for the validation of the developed method. Linearity was achieved in the range of 200microg to 1600microg with co-efficient correlation r2=0.9995. Accuracy was found in between 98.9 to 101.4% however precision was good at both inter and intra-day. As per the standardization of ICH, the developed method was found to be reproducible and showed sharp similar peak with high resolution
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence rate of ESBL producing Gram negative isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, to determine the association of various factors with ESBL production and therapeutic options for the treatment. Total 352 isolates were subjected for identification of ESBL by double disc synergy test. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using CLSI guidelines and statistical association between ESBL/Non ESBL producers were determined by chi square at significant level of 0.05. A total of 96 isolates were ESBL positive [27%], females were 67% whereas males were 33%. E. coli was most prevalent pathogen [82%] followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae [17%]. Furthermore 75% of ESBL associated infections were urinary tract infections. 95% of ESBL producing isolates were multidrug resistant and tazobactam/piperacillin combination and imipenem are good choices with 100% and 97% susceptibility respectively. E coli [OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.585-5.072, RR 2.22, p 0.0004] and K. pneumoniae [OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.285-0.952, RR 0.609, p 0.032] were significantly associated with ESBL production. The spread of ESBL producing multidrug resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae has increased and proper screening for ESBL identification is needed because of limited therapeutic antibiotic choices
ABSTRACT
Among resistant nosocomial and community pathogens, MRSA has become the most serious pathogen, causing life threatening infections worldwide. In S.aureus, quick and exact recognition of methicillin [cefoxitin] resistance has become essential. The benchmark for MRSA identification among S.aureus is the detection of the mecA gene that causes the expression of protein [PBP2a] culpable for classic â-lactam resistance. However, the utter reliance on amplification of mecA gene as a hallmark in confirmation of methicillin [cefoxitin] resistant S. aureus is the matter of distrust by some investigators. The current investigation designed to analyse the prevalence of mecA gene among phenotypically positive MRSA isolates using molecular method and to correlate its prevalence to conventional techniques. Furthermore, antimicrobial sensitivity of mecA positive staphylococci was determined by Kirby Baeuer method. For this purpose, 201 clinical staphylococcal specimens were recovered from various diagnostic laboratories in Karachi City, Pakistan. Phenotypic existence of methicillin resistance in S. aureus was observed to be 51.7%. In contrast, when organisms were subjected for amplification of mecA gene by PCR, mecA positive isolates were 36/104 [35%] MRSA isolates. Current work raise question towards the usefulness of molecular identification of mecA gene in confirmation of methicillin resistance without correlating with conventional methods. Therefore, it is essential to consider the other possible resistance mechanisms for Beta-lactams that may interact with mecA gene in the development of methicillin resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus
ABSTRACT
Seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica in the form of Ethanol seed extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [EEVA], Hexane extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [HEVA] and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica [WDVA] were evaluated for their in-vivo anti-Inflammatory potential in carrageenan induced rat paw model. The results were compared to anti-inflammatory activity of standard drug [ibuprofen] and untreated groups. In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of EEVA and HEVA were also conducted by "DPPH scavenging assay". The results of present study depicts that HEVA and EEVA in higher dose possess a strong anti-inflammatory potential as compared to standard antiinflammatory drugs, whereas WDVA showed milder anti-inflammatory potential. DPPH assay has revealed strong antioxidant potential of EEVC with the percentage Radical Scavenging activity [%RSA] of 89.709 at concentrations of 500 ul as compared to standard drugs gallic acid [23.436+/-0.43] and acetyl salicylic acid [111.44+/-0.7] at concentrations of 95.95 micro M. The other extract HEVC has shown to have insignificant %RSA at the concentration of 500micro l. Hence the present study revealed that selected extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica exhibited significant in-vitro antioxidant and invivo anti-inflammatory potential
ABSTRACT
This assessment aims to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance [MDR] among the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] to the frequently prescribed antibiotics in Karachi. Isolates of MRSA, recovered from various clinical samples were included in this prospective, cross-sectional study from Jan 2015 to June 2017. Agar diffusion method was employed according to the protocols of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Out of total 346 S.aureus strains, the frequency rate of MRSA was 52 % [n = 180]. MRSA infection was found higher among the age group 21-30 years i.e. 30% [n=54], followed by 20 % [n=36] in 31-40 years. Frequency of MRSA percentage in male and female was and 70 % and 30 % respectively. MRSA was more frequently observed in blood 20 % [n=36]. MRSA showed high resistance [100 %] to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin while 25% Vancomycin resistant S. aureus [VRSA] isolates and 25% Teicoplanin resistance were also reported. MRSA exhibited 16% resistance to Minocycline. It was concluded that MRSA pose a challenging threat to public health in Karachi. In addition, MDR should be periodically checked to avoid treatment failure