Prospective Protective Effects of Arthrospira platensis Against Acetaminophen Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Rats / Efectos Protectores Prospectivos de Arthrospira platnesis Contra la Toxicidad Hepatorrenal Inducida por Paracetamol en Ratas

SUMMARY: The toxic effects of acetaminophen appear primarily in the liver and kidney. The protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on hepato-renal toxicity caused by acetaminophen was evaluated in male rats. The obtained results showed that subcutaneous injection of acetaminophen at a dose 120 &240 սl acetaminophen/kg by weight resulted in an observed elevation in the enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum total lipids, total cholesterol, creatinine, total bilirubin, urea, nitric oxide (NO), L- malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukins (IL-2 &IL-6). However, there is a decrease in the serum total protein, albumin and loss in antioxidant enzyme activities in liver including; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSH). This effect was found to be dose and time dependent. In spite of, pre- oral administration of Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg .b. wt. prior acetaminophen injection succeeded to modulate the effect of the observed abnormalities caused by acetaminophen. Moreover, there were no remarkable changes in serum biomarkers of rats received Arthrospira platensis only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg by weight (group 2). The histopathological findings confirm the biochemical results that indicates the safety use of Arthrospira platensis at the selected dose in this study. Therefore, the present results clarified the protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on oxidative stress, hepatic and nephrotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in male Wister rats.

Los efectos tóxicos del paracetamol aparecen principalmente en el hígado y el riñón. Se evaluó en ratas macho Wistar el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre la toxicidad hepatorrenal causada por paracetamol. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la inyección subcutánea de paracetamol a dosis de 120 y 240 µl de paracetamol/kg, resultó en una elevación en las actividades enzimáticas de la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), lípidos séricos totales, colesterol total, creatinina, bilirrubina total, urea, óxido nítrico (NO), L- malondialdehído (MDA) e interleucinas (IL-2 e IL-6). Sin embargo, hay una disminución en la proteína sérica total, albúmina y pérdida en las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes en el hígado, incluyendo; superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión reductasa (GSH). Se encontró que este efecto era dependiente de la dosis y el tiempo. A pesar de la administración preoral de Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg, la inyección previa de acetaminofeno logró modular el efecto de las anormalidades observadas causadas por el acetaminofeno. Además, no hubo cambios notables en los biomarcadores séricos de ratas que recibieron Arthrospira platensis solo a una dosis de 1000 mg/kg (Grupo 2). Los hallazgos histopatológicos confirman los resultados bioquímicos que indican la seguridad del uso de Arthrospira platensis a la dosis seleccionada en este estudio. Por lo tanto, los presentes resultados aclararon el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre el estrés oxidativo, la toxicidad hepática y la nefrotoxicidad inducida por paracetamol en ratas Wistar macho.

Optimization of the time and dose of intravenous syntocinon in cases of elective caesarean section under general anesthesia

Oxytocics are routinely used in an attempt to prevent excessive blood loss during cesarean section [cs]. Several investigators have evaluated the use of different doses of oxytocin during cesarean section under regional anesthesia. Since oxytocin has dose-dependent side effects, it appears prudent to use the minimal effective dose. The objective of the study is to optimize the dose and time of syntocinon infusion to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under general anesthesia. 504 full term pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section under general anesthesia were randomized either to receive 5IUsyntocinon [R] [Synthetic oxytocin, Novartis-pharma] [before cs, at the start of cs,or after closure of the uterus], 10 IU syntocinon [before cs, at the start of cs, or after closure of the uterus], 20 IU syntocinon [before cs, at the start of cs, or after closure of the uterus], or infusion containing no syntocinon [control group]. The primary outcome measures were estimated blood loss [EBL], changes in hemoglobin [Hb] and in hematocrit [Hct]. Baseline characteristics in terms of age, gravidity, parity, weight, height, preoperative blood pressure, preoperative Hb and preoperative Hct were similar in all groups. The EBL was high in the control group but it was similar in all study groups and subgroups. Giving 5 IU syntocinon before or during cesarean section is preferred on giving it after in terms of significant reductions in both Hb and Hct. The results of this randomized, controlled, double blind study have demonstrated that there is no benefit on uterine tone and blood loss of administering more than 5 IU oxytocin during elective cesarean section under general anesthesia