Urine cytology in carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder: factors affecting the validity of the test

Cytologic examination of urine was done in 50 patients having bladder carcinoma, in 30 cases of bilharzial cystitis and in 15 controls. Exfoliated malignant cells were detected in 42% of bladder cancer patients. The sensitivity of urine cytology was better in carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder and in squamous cell carcinoma than in non-bilharzial bladder cancer or in transitional cell carcinoma. The diagnostic yield was better when two different urine samples or when bladder irrigation samples were examined cytologically. In well differentiated tumors, the cytological pattern of urine was similar to the histopathological type of the tumor. No false positive results were encountered

Pediatric urolithiasis: a metabolic study

Sixty-six stone forming children were subjected to metabolic study including serum calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total proteins, A/G ratio and alkaline phosphatase. The 24-hour urine volume and the urine output of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, magnesium, creatinine, oxalate, cystine, sodium and potassium were also studied. The study was also performed on 20 controls. Abnormal urine chemistry was found in 59% of stone formers in the form of hyperuricosuria 45.4%, hypercalciuria 22.70%, hyperoxalluria 21.2%, cystiuria 1.5%, hypophosphaturia 28.8% and hypomagnesuria 21.1%. Combined abnormalities were commonly encountered. The role of these abnormalities in the etiology of stone formation is discussed, and the preventive measures are suggested to guard against recurrence of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis in infancy and childhood: a clinico-radiological study

This study including 80 stone formers below the age of 14. Lower urinary tract stones were common in boys, whereas upper urinary tract stones were common in girls. Bladder calculi occurred almost exclusively in boys and their incidence was inversely related to the child's age. The presenting symptom of renal calculi in children was vague abdominal pain rather than the typical renal pain or renal colic. The type of crystals passed in urine did not predict the composition of the stone. Urinary tract infection was found in 1/3 of cases. The vast majority of the stones were radio-opaque; the composition of the stones could not be predicted from their radiographic features in most cases

Crystallography of urinary calculi in children

Knowing the exact composition of urinary calculi is essential for the future follow up of any stone former aiming to prevent recurrences. The present work entailed optical crystalotgraphic study of stones recovered from 66 infants and children. A distinct nucleus was detected in 36 stones. The external features of the stone did not give any idea about its internal structure. The most common component in the stone nuclei [i.e. the initiating factor] was ammonium acid urate, whereas calcium oxalate was found in the majority of cases in the outer portion of the stone [i.e. growth factor]. This study suggested that urinary infection, by aiding the precipitation of ammonium acid urate and or magnesium ammonium phosphate, is the most important etiologic factor in pediatric urolithiasis, the advantages of optical crystallography in the identification of the stone components were discussed

Certain epidemiologic factors contributing to the formation of urinary calculous disease [preliminary report]

Urolithiasis, one of the common disease of the urinary tract, involves a number of epidemiological aspects. Specific nursing intervention relative to the care of the patient with calculous disease of the urinary tract depends upon the initial and updated nursing assessment. The nurse should be familiar with factors that contribute to stone formation such as environmental, dietary, hereditary factor and ambulation patterns. This study aimed at identifying epidemiological factors leading to the formation of urinary Calculous disease. The results revealed, that most patients are living in crowded poorly ventilated rooms which were hot and highly humid. They prespire perspire a lot especially during summer, they did not drink enough fluids as they should. Their diet was mainly vegetables, proteins and Carbohydrates. They did not know what items of food that are prohibited