Prevalence of Y chromosome microdeletion in azoospermic infertile males of Iraqi population

In human gamete development, the important period is spermatogenesis, which is organized by specific genes on Y chromosome. In some cases, the infertile men have shown microdeletions on Y chromosome, which seemed as if the structural chromosome variance is linked to the reduction of sperm count. This study aimed to determine the frequency and patterns of Y chromosome microdeletions in azoospermia factor (AZF) of Iraqi infertile males. Here, 90 azoospermic infertile males as a study group and 95 normal fertile males as control group were investigated for the microdeletion of AZF loci using numerous sequence-tagged sites. Of these 90 infertile male patients, 43 (47.8%) demonstrated Y chromosome microdeletions, in which AZFb region was the most deleted section in azoospermia patients (33.3%) followed by deletions in the AZFc region (23%), while there were no microdeletion in the AZFa region. The largest microdeletion involved in both AZFb and AZFc was detected in six azoospermic patients (6.7%). The present study demonstrated a high frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions in the infertile Iraqi patients which is not reported previously. The high frequency of deletions may be due to the association of ethnic and genetic factors. PCR-based Y chromosome screening for microdeletions has a potential to be used in infertility clinics for genetic counselling and assisted reproduction.

Airway foreign bodies: A critical review for a common pediatric emergency / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND:Airway foreign bodies (AFBs) is an interdisciplinary area between emergency medicine, pediatrics and otolaryngology. It is a life-threatening condition that is not infrequently seen; however, it is poorly covered in medical literature. Accidental aspiration of an element into airways is a widespread clinical scenario among children under 3 years, predominantly males. Moreover, it is the leading cause of infantile deaths and the fourth one among preschool children. DATA RESOURCES:A systemic search was conducted in July 2015 using PubMed/PubMed Central Database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/). A total of 1767 articles were identified and most of them were meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and case series. Those thoroughly discussing assessment and management of AFBs were retrieved. RESULTS:AFBs episodes may be either witnessed or missed. Presence of a witness for the inhalation is diagnostic. The later usually present with persistent active cough. A classical triad of paroxysmal cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea/decreased air entry was reported, though many presentations have inconsistent findings. Hence, diagnosis requires high index of clinical suspicion. Flexible fibro-optic bronchoscopy is the gold standard of diagnosis, whereas inhaled objects are best retrieved by rigid bronchoscopes. CONCLUSIONS:Close supervision of pediatrics is the hallmark of prevention. Caregivers should ensure a safe surrounding milieu, including the toys their offspring play with. Immediate complications result from direct obstruction or injury by the inhaled object. Alternatively, prolonged lodging traps air and induces inflammatory response causing atelectesis and pneumonia, respectively.

Reliability of Agglutination Test to Detect Alloantibodies in Patients with Repeated Blood Transfusion

Background: Blood transfusion is an integral part in the management of sickle cell disease patients. Allogeneic blood transfusion is a form of temporary transplantation. A recipient often mounts an immune response to the donor antigens resulting in various clinical consequences including delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Delayed reaction is often seen in individuals who have received repeated transfusion of ABO compatible blood that incompatible for other blood group antigens because of minor allelic difference stimulate the production of IgG antibodies. In the Patients who have sickle cell disease the majority of tests may have low sensitivity and in turn may fail to show the autoantibodies. Objectives: This study has been conducted for detection of allo-antibodies in patient with sickle cell anaemia and hemophilia who received repeated blood transfusions using newly introduced test system; the DiaMed-Immuno-Diffusion microtyping system. Methods: Samples were collected randomly from 60 patients with repeated blood transfusions. Micro column gel test as well as agglutination method were performed for all samples. All the results were analyzed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS). Results and Discussion: This test provides clear and stable reactions that improve result interpretation. It proved to be more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination technique as it captures agglutinate in a semi solid medium and on the other hand it has the capacity to detect unexpected antibodies. This in turn enhances visibility of agglutination compared to the traditional Tube techniques

role of ancient Iraqi people [Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Arabian] in the development of medicine as viewed by western writers

The name Mesopotamia [meaning the land between the rivers"] refers to the geographic region which lies near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers [In Iraq] and not to any particular civilization. Over the course of several millennia, many civilizations developed, collapsed, and were replaced in this fertile region. However, the first civilization developed in Mesopotamia. The origins of civilization can be traced to a group of people living in southern Mesopotamia called the Sumerians. Is to review the views of the distinguished western writers regarding the role of ancient people of Iraq in the development of Medicine

role of chromosome C-band size polymorphism in male infertility with a reference to their effect on the total length of the chromosome

To assess the contribution of chromosome on sperm production. During a 2 year period from October 1999 to December 2001 a total of 200 male patients were included in the present study. The study was carried out at Kufa Medical College, Kufa, Iraq. Blood culture, chromosomal harvesting, Giemsa stain, C-band technique and C-band size calculation have been conducted according to the standard methods. No statistical differences have been recorded in the C-band size distribution level among the infertile groups compared to normal control. The functional relationship between C-band, euchromatin and the total length of the Y chromosome showed a strong correlation coefficient among the infertile groups [oligospermia, azoospermia] as well as the normal control. In our qualitative study the C-band size of the Y chromosome has no effect on spermatogenesis. The decrease in the size of Y chromosome is due to the decrease in both the heterochromatin and euchromatin regions

significance of autosomal C-band size polymorphism in male infertility

The aim of this study is to assess the possible role of autosomal C-band size polymorphism in male infertility. Two-hundred male patients with clinical diagnosis of infertility and 100 normal controls were included in the present investigation. All patients were assessed by Urologist Consultant at the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kufa University, Kufa, Iraq, during a 2-year-period, October 1999 to October 2001. C-band evaluation was based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. Blood culture, chromosome harvesting, and C-band technique were carried out according to standard methods. 1. C-band quantitative study indicates a significant increase in the C- band size of chromosomes 9 and 16 among infertile groups as compared to normal fertile group [p<0.01]. 2. C-band qualitative study indicates a significant increase in the C-band size [level 3] of chromosome number one among the infertile group as compared to normal fertile group [p<0.01]. The present findings require further extensive study to shed light on the possible correlation between C-band polymorphism and male infertility

Rotavirus infection among childhood diarrhea in Basrah

During a prospective two years study, 747 faecal samples of infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis and 160 non-diarrhoeal control were collected. Rotavirus was detected significantly more often in those with gastroenteritis 278/746 [37.3%] than those with other illnesses 6/160 [3.8%]. Rotavirus as the only pathogen was detected in 66% of the positives, while it was found to be mixed with one or more pathogens in 36%. The infection was more common among children from rural areas [43%] than from urban areas [28.3%]. The prevalence rate of rotavirus infection was lower in infants who were breast-fed [15.4%] than in bottle-fed [58.8%] or those who were combined-fed [41.4%]. The prevalence of rotavirus recovery was lower among children of families who practiced boiling of water [18.2%], compared to other groups using river or marches water which were occasionally boiled [24.3%] or unboiled [66.4%]. The seasonal pattern of rotavirus shedding was found to be maximum during the winter season