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1.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(4): e021420, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144229

ABSTRACT

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the factors that discourages farmers from raising small ruminants in cultivated pastures. To validate a soil treatment strategy to control the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), castor cake (CC) was used as a fertilizer on a pasture where sheep grazed on guinea grass under continuous stocking. On day zero, the pasture was divided into three paddocks, contaminated by GIN and treated, respectively, with CC divided into two applications (2CC1/2), CC in a single application (CC1) and organic compost in a single application (control). On day 21, eight GIN-free sheep were placed in each paddock. On day 58, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed: reduction of up to 66.10% in larvae.g-1 of dry mass in pastures fertilized with CC, decrease of up to 60.72% in infection rates among the animals in the groups treated with CC, higher average daily weight gain (over 185 g.day-1) and packed cell volume (over 26%) in the groups treated with CC, when compared to the control (128 g.day-1; 20.9%). In view of the results, the use of CC, mainly CC1, as a fertilizer for guinea grass pastures, under continuous stocking, proved to be promising, with 63.41% effectiveness in controlling worm infestations.


Resumo O parasitismo gastrintestinal é um dos fatores que fragiliza a exploração de pequenos ruminantes em pastagens cultivadas. Objetivando validar a estratégia de tratamento do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI), a torta de mamona (TM) foi utilizada como adubo, com ovinos pastejando em capim-tanzânia sob lotação contínua. No dia zero, o pasto foi dividido em três piquetes, contaminados por NGI e tratados, respectivamente, com TM parcelada em duas aplicações (2TM1/2), TM em uma única aplicação (TM1) e composto orgânico em única aplicação (testemunha). No dia 21, cada piquete recebeu oito ovinos livres de NGI. No dia 58, observaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05): redução de até 66,10% de larvas.g-1 de massa seca nas pastagens adubadas com TM; redução de até 60,72% da infecção dos animais nos grupos tratados com TM; ganho de peso médio diário (acima de 185 g.dia-1) e volume globular (acima de 26%) superior nos grupos tratados com TM, quando comparados com a testemunha (128 g.dia-1; 20,9%). Diante dos resultados, o uso da TM, principalmente TM1, como adubo em pasto de capim-tanzânia, sob lotação contínua, mostrou-se promissor, com eficácia de 63,41% para controlar a verminose.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep Diseases/immunology , Sheep Diseases/prevention & control , Animal Husbandry/methods , Nematode Infections/immunology , Nematode Infections/prevention & control , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Soil/parasitology , Sheep , Weight Gain , Ricinus communis/chemistry , Feces , Fertilizers/parasitology , Hematocrit , Nematoda
2.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 28(3): 528-532, July-Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042537

ABSTRACT

Abstract The nematicidal effect of different organic materials was evaluated in order to develop a non-chemical alternative soil treatment for control of the free-living stages of small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. The selected organic materials were residues from the juice industry of acerola, cashew, grape, guava, papaya and pineapple, as well as castor residue from the biodiesel industry. LC90 results showed that pineapple residue was the most efficient inhibitor of larval development, followed by castor, grape, cashew, acerola, guava and papaya. Castor residue was also a good source of nitrogen and was used in a greenhouse experiment to prevent larval development in contaminated goat faeces that was deposited in pots containing the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) or Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). Castor residue caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction (85.04%) in Paiaguás grass contamination (L3.dry mass-1) and a reduction of 17.35% in Massai grass contamination (P > 0.05), with an increase in the biomass production of Massai (251.43%, P < 0.05) and Paiaguás (109.19%, P > 0.05) grasses. This strategy, called Econemat®, with good results in vitro shows to be promising on pasture increasing phytomass production.


Resumo O efeito nematicida de diferentes materiais orgânicos foi avaliado, com o objetivo de desenvolver um tratamento alternativo não químico do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Os materiais orgânicos selecionados foram resíduos da indústria de suco de acerola, caju, uva, goiaba, mamão e abacaxi, além do resíduo de mamona da indústria de biodiesel. Os resultados da LC90 mostraram que o resíduo de abacaxi foi o mais eficiente inibidor do desenvolvimento larval, seguido pela mamona, uva, caju, acerola, goiaba e mamão. O resíduo de mamona também se mostrou uma boa fonte de nitrogênio, sendo usado em experimento em casa de vegetação para prevenir o desenvolvimento larval em fezes contaminadas, depositadas em vasos, contendo as gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) ou Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). O resíduo de mamona reduziu (85,04%) significativamente (P < 0,05) a contaminação no capim-Paiaguás (L3.dry massa-1), 17,35% no capim Massai (P> 0,05), e aumentou a produção de biomassa das gramíneas Massai (251,43%, P <0,05) e Paiaguás (109,19%, P> 0,05). Essa estratégia, chamada Econemat®, com bons resultados in vitro, mostra-se promissora nas pastagens aumentando a produção de fitomassa.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ricinus/chemistry , Plant Oils/poisoning , Refuse Disposal , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Crop Production , Poaceae/parasitology , Nematoda/drug effects , Ruminants
3.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 46(1): 237-249, 05/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-748255

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to characterize the safety and technological properties of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from Brazilian Coalho cheeses. High levels of co-aggregation were observed between Enterococcus faecium strains EM485 and EM925 and both Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Both strains presented low levels of hydrophobicity. E. faecium EM485 and EM925 were both able to grow in the presence of 0.5% of the sodium salts of taurocholic acid (TC), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC), glycocholic acid (GC), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC), although they showed the ability to deconjugate only GDC and TDC. Both strains showed good survival when exposed to conditions simulating the gastro intestinal tract (GIT). When tested for the presence of virulence genes, only tyrosine decarboxylase and vancomycin B generated positive PCR results.


Subject(s)
Cheese/microbiology , Enterococcus faecium/isolation & purification , Enterococcus faecium/physiology , Food Safety , Food Handling/methods , Bacterial Adhesion , Brazil , Chemical Phenomena , Cholic Acids/metabolism , Cholic Acids/toxicity , Clostridium perfringens/chemistry , Clostridium perfringens/physiology , Enterococcus faecium/chemistry , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Escherichia coli/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/chemistry , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Inactivation, Metabolic , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Virulence Factors/analysis , Virulence Factors/genetics
4.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(1): 204-214, jan./fev. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-963764

ABSTRACT

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a degradação do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) integral (BIN) ou hidrolisado (BH) pela microbiota ruminal de caprinos e ovinos de raças naturalizadas do Nordeste brasileiro e o potencial desses animais como fontes de microrganismos e/ou enzimas celulolíticas para degradação da fibra do BCA. Para hidrólise do BCA foi utilizada uma solução de NaOH a 50%, 30% na matéria seca (MS). Foram determinadas as concentrações de MS, proteína bruta (PB), cinzas (CZ), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), celulose (Cel), hemicelulose (Hcel) e lignina (Lig). A degradação in situ da FDN do BH foi determinada pela incubação ruminal em sacos de náilon nos tempos: 0, 6, 24 e 96 horas. A técnica de duas etapas preconizada por Tilley e Terry foi utilizada para determinar a digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS). Foi coletado conteúdo ruminal dos animais quatro horas após a infusão de 100g de BIN via fístula ruminal para a separação de microrganismos associados às fases líquida e sólida, utilizando filtragem e extração com tampão fosfato de sódio 50 mM e pH 6,9, respectivamente. A fração sólida foi submetida ao cultivo in vitro com o substrato BIN, por 96 horas, para determinação da taxa de degradação da MS, FDN e atividade celulolítica. O pH foi determinado nos tempos de cultivo de 24, 48 e 96 horas. O pré-tratamento com NaOH aumentou a DIVMS (P<0,05). Não houve efeito de espécie sobre a DIVMS (P>0,05). A inclusão de NaOH aumentou a degradação in situ da FDN, apresentando os ovinos menor tempo de colonização (TC). Houve solubilização da Hcel, da Cel e da Lig no BCA pré-tratado com NaOH. A atividade celulolítica se concentrou na fração sólida independente da espécie doadora do inóculo, sendo observado crescimento microbiano no cultivo in vitro do BIN a partir dessa fração. O pH aumentou com o tempo de cultivo in vitro. Microrganismos ruminais de caprinos e ovinos naturalizados do Nordeste brasileiro colonizaram e degradaram o BIN e BH. O NaOH pode ser utilizado no pré-tratamento alcalino do BCA.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodegradation of sugar cane bagasse (SCB), whole (WB) or hydrolyzed (HB) by ruminal microorganisms from Brazilian naturalized goat and sheep breeds, and the animals' potential as a source of microorganisms and/or cellulolytic enzymes for the biodegradation of SCB fiber. SCB hydrolysis was performed using 50% sodium hydroxide solution on 30% of dry matter (DM). The concentrations of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (Cel), hemicellulose (Hcel) and lignin (Lig) were determined in the WB and HB. For the in situ biodegradation of NDF, the HB was placed in nylon bags and incubated in rumen for 0, 6, 24 and 96 hours. The two-step technique recommended by Tilley and Terry was used to determine the in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM). Four hours after infusion of WB (100 g) through the ruminal fistula, the rumen content was collected from the animals and the microorganisms associated with the liquid and solid phases were separated, the former by filtration and the latter by extraction with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.9. The solid fraction was subjected to in vitro culture with WB substrate for 96 hours to determine the biodegradation rate of DM, NDF and cellulolytic activity. The pH was measured after culture times of 24, 48 and 96 hours. Pretreatment with NaOH increased the IVDDM (P <0.05). No species effect on the IVDDM was detected (P> 0.05). The addition of NaOH increased the in situ biodegradation rate of NDF, with sheep showing a lower lag time (LT). There was a solubilization of Hcel, Cel and Lig in SCB pretreated with NaOH. Cellulolytic activity was higher in the solid phase, irrespective of the inoculum source, and microbial growth was observed in in vitro cultures using microorganisms from the solid phase and WB as substrate. The pH of the in vitro culture increased over time. Ruminal microorganisms from Brazilian naturalized goat and sheep breeds successfully colonized and biodegraded both WB and HB. Sodium hydroxide proved useful as an alkaline pretreatment for SCB.


Subject(s)
Sodium Hydroxide , Ruminants , Sheep , Saccharum , Enzymes
5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 23(2): 136-143, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-714779

ABSTRACT

Bioactive molecules of plant species are promising alternatives for the chemical control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Extracts of native and exotic seed species from Brazil's semi-arid region were tested in vitro in an egg hatch assay and the bioactivity of their proteins was investigated. Each seed species was subjected to three extractions with three types of solvents. All the seeds showed ovicidal activity, which varied according to the solvents. Higher ovicidal activity was found in the molecule fractions of low molecular weight (<12 kDa) for Albizia lebbeck, Ipomoea asarifolia, Jatropha curcas, Libidibia ferrea, Moringa oleifera and Ricinus communis (P<0.05, Bonferroni test). The two fractions of Crotalaria spectabilis showed the same ovicidal activity (P>0.05, Bonferroni test). Hemagglutinating activity was detected in the fractions of C. spectabilis and M. oleifera fractions, hemolysin activity in the A. lebbeck and M. oleifera fractions, serine protease inhibitory activity in the A. lebbeck, I. asarifolia, J. curcas, M. oleifera and R. communis fractions, cysteine protease inhibitor activity in the M. oleifera fraction, and no protein activity in the L. ferrea fraction. The results of this work reveal new plant species with a potential for use in controlling nematode parasites in goats, thus opening a new field of research involving plant protein molecules with ovicidal properties.


Moléculas bioativas de espécies vegetais são alternativas promissoras ao controle químico dos nematoides gastrintestinais em ruminantes. Extratos de sementes de espécies nativas e exóticas do Semiárido Brasileiro foram testados in vitro em ensaio de eclosão de ovos e investigada a natureza proteica da bioatividade. Três extrações com três solventes foram feitas para cada semente estudada. Todas as sementes apresentaram atividade ovicida, variando com o solvente utilizado. Maior taxa de inibição da eclosão concentrou-se nas frações de moléculas de baixa massa molecular (<12 kDa) para Albizia lebbeck, Ipomoea asarifolia, Jatropha curcas, Libidibia ferrea, Moringa oleifera e Ricinus communis (P<0,05, teste de Bonferroni). Crotalaria spectabilis mostrou atividade nas duas frações, sem diferença entre elas (P>0,05, teste de Bonferroni). Observou-se atividade hemaglutinante nas frações de C. spectabilis e M. oleifera, de hemolisina em A. lebbeck e M. oleifera, de atividade inibidora de protease da serina em A. lebbeck, I. asarifolia, J. curcas, M. oleifera e R. communis, de atividade inibidora de protease da cisteína em M. oleifera e nenhuma atividade proteica na fração de L. ferrea. Os resultados revelaram novas espécies botânicas com potencial de controle de nematoides em caprinos e um novo campo de pesquisa, o estudo de moléculas de origem proteica com atividade ovicida.


Subject(s)
Animals , Haemonchus/drug effects , Hemolysin Proteins/pharmacology , Lectins/pharmacology , Ovum/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Seeds
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