ABSTRACT
This study estimated the true prevalence of chronic motor and vocal tic disorders, and Tourette's syndrome in students as well as its comorbidity with attention deficit deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]. A random clustered sample of elementary students was selected from schools in Tabriz, Iran. Students were screened by Conner's teacher rating scale for ADHD and a detailed history from parents and teachers for the presence of any type of tic was obtained. Next, a clinical interview based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version [K-SADS-PL], and an interview with parents lead to the definitive diagnosis. A total of 1658 children were evaluated. Vocal tic was observed in 3.2% [ +/- SD = 0.02] students, and was more prevalent in boys. ADHD was diagnosed in 45.5% of these students. Motor tic was observed in 7.3% [ +/- SD = 0.02] of students. Almost half [48.1%] of these students had ADHD. Tourette's syndrome was observed in 1.3% [ +/- SD = 0.01], with a male/female ratio of 3.5:1. This is the first study to provide the prevalence of chronic tics in elementary school students in Iran. ADHD is more common among students with chronic tics and Tourette's syndrome
ABSTRACT
The current study attempted to investigate factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] in children without co-morbidities. In this case-control study, 164 ADHD children who attended the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran were compared with 166 normal children selected in a random-cluster method from primary and secondary schools. Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV-TR using K-SADS were used to diagnose ADHD cases and to select the control group. Participants were matched for age. We used chi-square and binary logistic regression for data analysis. Among the associated factors with ADHD were gender and maternal employment. Boys [OR 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.34-0.86] and those children with working mothers [OR 0.16: 95% confidence interval: 0.06-0.86] suffered more from ADHD. The birth season, family size, birth order, and parental kinship were not among risk factors for ADHO. The results of the study show that maternal employment and male gender are among the associated risk factors for ADHD
ABSTRACT
Tendency to experience extreme sensation can lead to risky behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare sensation seeking between HIV positive patients and normal individuals. In a causal comparative study, 50 HIV positive patients among HIV positive patients of Tabriz health center was selected and matched with 50 normal people. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Zuckerman sensation seeking scale [SSS]. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and t-test was utilized to compare between groups. The average sensation seeking [sensation seeking, experience seeking, adventure seeking and diversity seeking] as well as the total scale among AIDS patients was statistically higher than normal peoples [P<0.05]. No statistically significant difference was found in boredom susceptibility and disinhibition between positive HIV patient and normal people. According to this preliminary study, because of higher sensation seeking in HIV positive patients, they are susceptible to risky behavior and HIV infection. More complementary studies are needed to identify different aspects of sensation seeking and methods of effective intervention