ABSTRACT
Forms eternal era, plant, mineral and animal products are used as drugs for the treatment of various diseases. The use of medicinal plants for immunomodulation has a long history. The modern medicinal compounds find their leads in natural products. Immunomodulation amends the immune system of an individual by prying with its usual functions. Discovery of immunomodulators from natural sources has been comprehensively made to modulate the immune system to prevent diseases. Hesperidin has been investigated for its potential anti-inflammatory effects. Hesperidin demonstrated analgesic effects in experimental animals. The present study is focused on exploring the in silico interaction of hesperidin with some chemokines and inflammatory targets. In this study, hesperidin was docked with TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NOs. Docking studies revealed the excellent interaction of hesperidin with these targets. The result of this work provided an insight into the discovery of novel molecules for immunomodulation and treatment of inflammatory disorders. Additional studies on hesperidin and associated flavonoids are necessary to establish its safety. Hesperidin, can, therefore, can be considered as a candidate for development of an immunomodulatory agent.
ABSTRACT
The modern scientific society has presently recognized flavonoids to be a unique class of therapeutic molecules due to their varied therapeutic properties. Of these, hesperidin, found along with vitamin C, has been explored for a number of pharmacological effects. Citrus and oranges possess hesperidin as one of the active constituents. Today, hesperidin has been well recognized for its beneficial effects on health. The present review highlights the current information and health-promoting effects of hesperidin. The review uncovers protective effects of hesperidin on functions and integrity of liver, kidney, heart, and age related memory impairment. Hesperidin demonstrated the antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive and antiulcer effect. The present review focus on current information of hesperidin and its active metabolite hesperetin. Along with this, the chemotherapeutic potential of the same has also discussed.
ABSTRACT
The use of plant products as immunomodulator has a long history. Forms eternal era, plant, mineral and animal products are used as drugs for the treatment of various diseases. The present-day synthetic compounds find their leads in natural products. The process of immunomodulation retunes the immune system of an individual by restoring routine functions. Research on immunomodulators from natural sources has been extensively studied for modulation of immune system along with protection and prevention of diseases. Rutin, a flavonoid has been investigated for its potential immunomodulatory effects. Increased particle clearance, decreased inflammation, increased leucocyte and antibody production was observed with administration of rutin in rats. The present study is focused on exploring in silico interaction of rutin with some chemokines and inflammatory targets. In this study, rutin was docked with TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NOs. Docking studies revealed the excellent interaction of rutin with these targets. The result of present study provides insight for the discovery of novel molecules for immunomodulation and treatment of inflammatory disorders. Findings from the present study show that rutin may interact with several chemokines and inflammatory mediators. Further studies on rutin and associated flavonoids are necessary to develop and establish QSAR and QSPR studies which may serve a stepping stone for the development of novel and safe immunomodulator. Rutin therefore, can be considered for development of an immunomodulatory agent.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Current research is directed towards finding naturally occurring antioxidants of plant origin. Xanthium strumarium L. a cocklebur or bur weed is a reputed medicine in Europe, China, Indo-china, Malaysia and America. It is used in treatment of common disease such as hemicrania, leucoderma, biliousness, poisonous bites of insects, epilepsy, long standing malaria, relieving constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting etc. The present research deals with phytochemical screening and in-vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of the various extracts of leaves, stems and roots of X. strumarium L. Method: Successive extracts of leaves, stems and roots was subjected for phytochemical screening. Various extracts of leaves, stems and roots were screened in-vitro for total antioxidant potential. Inhibition of oxygen derived free radicals, viz., assay for free radical scavenging of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, the antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum, reducing power ability and determination of phenolic and flavonoids content in the extracts of leaves, stems and roots were performed. DPPH scavenging activity or the Hydrogen donating capacity was quantified in presence of stable DPPH radical on the basis of Blois method. NO scavenging activity was performed in the presence of nitric oxide generated from sodium nitroprusside using ascorbic acid as standard in both methods. The phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride. Result: The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds in the extracts. The scavenging activity was found to be dose dependent. The reducing capacity serves as significant indicator of antioxidant activity. The reducing power increased with the increasing concentration of sample. The 100mg powder of leaves yielded 0.069, 0.523, 1.620 mg/g phenolic content and 0.17, 0.45, 0.95 mg/g flavonoid content with solvents such as petroleum ether (60º-80ºc), chloroform, and ethanol respectively. Similarly, in case of stems and roots the phenolic content yielded 0.063, 0.324, 1.324 mg/g and 0.040, 0.159, 0.41 mg/g and flavonoids content 0.00, 0.11, 0.23 mg/g and 0.00, 0.05, 0.18 mg/g respectively, using quercetin as standard. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that X. strumarium L., is a potential source of antioxidants and the extracts have constituents which were capable of showing antioxidant activity and the said in-vitro antioxidant activity may also be due to the presence of antioxidant principles present in the extracts like flavonoid and phenolic compounds. So the folklore use of X. strumarium L. has been proved in present research work. These findings confirm the great interest of the herb whose phytochemistry and phytopharmacology should be investigated further in order to detect possible phytotherapeutic uses in the prevention of ageing related diseases, cardiovascular disorders and Alzheimer disease.
ABSTRACT
Machilus macrantha Nees, Lauraceae, bark is traditionally used in the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to validate, mechanism based anti-inflammatory activity of fractions M. macrantha bark are investigated for first time. Test materials viz. petroleum ether (PE), alkaloidal fraction (CH), acetone extracts (TAN) and mucilage (MM) (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) obtained from M. macrantha bark were tested for membrane stabilizing, anti-nociceptive; anti inflammatory and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis activity. Diclofenac sodium and morphine were used as the reference standards in pharmacological assay. Test materials have significantly (p<0.01) inhibited paw edema after Carrageenan and histamine induction at higher doses. Administration of test materials of M. macrantha (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) significantly reduced abdominal writhing, formalin nociception, cotton pellet granuloma and vascular permeability in experimental animal. In addition to this, bark of M. macrantha showed chronic anti-rheumatic effect by suppressing the swelling volume, arthritis index, hematological and biochemical parameters (ESR, RA factor, CRP, liver transferase enzyme) in FCA-induced arthritis. It also significantly inhibited protein denaturation, heat-induced haemolysis of RBC and reduction in total leukocyte migration. Bioassay guided fractionation of the pet. ether extract of bark of M. macrantha led to isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol and stigma sterol confirmed by its HPLC, NMR and GC-MS study. In conclusion, extracts of M. macrantha bark can be explored as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute and chronic arthritis.
ABSTRACT
Besides a known Coumarin derivative, Scopoletin, the iridoids gardenoside was isolated for the first time from an Ipomoea species, namely Ipomoea reniformis (Convolvulaceae). Its structure was established on the basis of its spectroscopic data.