ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine association of p53 overexpression with hormone receptor status in breast carcinoma
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology in collaboration with Department of Oncology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from January 2017 to January 2018
Methodology: All adult female patients coming to Department of Oncology with reports of breast cancer biopsy and receptor status were included. Their age, type of surgery, grade of cancer, stage of cancer, and hormone receptor status were noted from records. P53 immunomarker was applied on tumor containing tissue blocks. Pearson Chi-square test was run for strength of association between the variables using SPSS V. 22
Results: Mean age of 91 patients at diagnosis was 48 years ±12.49. Fifty-five [60.4%] patients had ER positive tumors, 36 [39.6%] were ER negative, 53 [58.2%] had PR positive status, and 38 [41.8%] were negative. Same number was seen in HER2 neu staining. Out of 91 cases, 31 [34.1%] were p53 positive and 60 [65.9%] were negative. Out of 55 [60.4%] ER positive cases, 11 [12.1%] were positive for p53 and 44 [48.4%] were p53 negative [p<0.001]. PR positive cases [53/58.2%] showed p53 positivity in 7 [7.7%] and negativity in 46 [50.5%] cases [p< 0.001]. HER2 positive cases were positive for p53 stain in 8 [8.8%] and negative in 45 [49.5%] cases [p<0.001]. Fifteen [16.48%] biopsies were negative for all three hormone receptors. P53 was positive in all of these hormone receptor negative tumors [15/15, 100%], although 9 [60%] showed strong positivity and 6 [40%] exhibited weak staining intensity of p53
Conclusion: P53 overexpression is less frequent in hormone receptor positive breast cancers. However, hormone receptor negative [triple negative] tumors overwhelmingly overexpress p53 protein in tumor cells. P53, detected either immunohistochemically or serologically, can serve to predict poor prognosis and survival in breast cancer patients, unless newer anti-p53 treatments are introduced in Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine association of immunohistochemical expression intensity of p53 with grade and stage of urothelial cancers
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from January to December 2016
Methodology: Data of transurethral resection/radical cystesctomy urinary bladder biopsies was collected. Clinical, radiological and cystoscopic findings of patients were noted from patients' charts in the Urology Ward. Biopsies were graded histologically according to WHO 2004 grading system. TNM system was used for pathological staging. On selected slides, immunoshistochemistry for p53 was applied. Nuclear immunoreactivity was considered positive if present in >10% of tumor cells and negative if <10% of tumor cells. Intensity was considered weak [less than 15% cells] and strong [more than 15% cells]. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Linear-by-linear association was calculated between p53 expression and stage of urothelial tumors, Chi-Square test was used to see association between grade and intensity of p53. Qualitative variables, like grade and stage of carcinoma along with p53 expression, were calculated in terms of frequencies and percentages. P
Results: Out of the 70 patients, 61 [87%] were males and 9 [13%] females. Out of 25 low grade lesions, 4 [16%] cases were p53 positive; and out of 45 high grade lesions, 41 [91%] cases were p53 positive. There was 33% [2/6 cases] positivity in Tis, 55% [16/29 cases] in T1, 72% in T2 [21/29], and 100% in T3a [5/5 cases] and T3b [1/1 case]. Strong intensity of p53 staining was noted to be 5.4% [n=25] of low grade and 94.6% [n=45] of high grade tumors
Conclusion: p53 expression was greater and more frequently strong in higher grade and stage of urothelial carcinoma. It can be used as a prognostic marker in predicting higher grade and stage of bladder cancer
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Gene Expression , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urothelium , Prognosis , Immunohistochemistry , Cross-Sectional Studies , Neoplasm Grading , Neoplasm StagingABSTRACT
Background: The success of standardized measures for disease classification and treatment has led disease-specific approaches led WHO and UNICEF to incorporate them into a set of guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness [IMCI], which includes modules or subsets of guidelines for the recognition and management of children with acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, measles, malaria and other febrile illness, and malnutrition
Objective: To assess the use of antibiotics within the IMCI Guidelines in Pediatric Outpatient Settings of Jinnah Hospital
Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Pediatrics OPD Jinnah Hospital from May 1, 2014 - August 21, 2014. The 150 children and their parents / accompanying person fulfilling the inclusion criteria after consultation from pediatric consultation were interviewed regarding their disease status and prescription by the doctor regarding antibiotics and other conditions. All the information was entered in a structured questionnaire. The samples were collected by non-probability / purposive sampling technique
Results: Among 150 children included in study mean age of children was 36 months SD 20.42 months. 60% were male and 40% female. Presenting complaints among children were, 75.0% presented fever, 26.4% had loose motions, 22.3% has vomiting, 20.3% had cough. 12.8% presented with abdominal pain. Among those who received antibiotics, 10% received third generation cephalosporin [ceftriaxone, cefexime], 10.7% penicillin's [mostly amoxicillin and piperacillin], and 4% ciprofloxacin. 30% received combination of 2 or 3 antibiotics [14.7% combination of ceftriaxone and amikacin [aminoglycoside], According to IMCI guidelines 34% were not appropriately treated, 20.7% received antibiotics when they should not and 13.3% did not received antibiotics when they should have
Conclusion: Their low adherence to integrated management of childhood illness [IMCI] recommendations for prescription of antibiotics in routine outpatient settings the study shows highly prevalent use of third generation cephalosporins
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of beta-thalassemia carriers in healthy population from Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir
Methods: In this cross sectional population based study, people from Muzaffarabad were motivated to get themselves tested for beta thalassemia trait. People found healthy on basis of a questionnaire and clinical examination were included in the study. Complete blood counts and peripheral smear review were performed on EDTA samples. Hemoglobin [Hb] electrophoresis was performed. Subjects with mean corpuscular volume [MCV], <76 fl, and/or mean corpuscular Hb [MCH], < 27 pg were subjected to hemoglobin A2 [HbA2] level estimation by elution method. Hemoglobin A2 of more than 3.5% was considered diagnostic for beta-thalassemia trait. Azad Kashmir is a territory with considerable ethnic heterogeneity. This is basically a tribal society with a high proposition of consanguineous marriages. We created awareness among the general population
Results: Found that gene is present in almost all tribes studied
Conclusion: Using strict criteria for healthy population, we conclude that incidence of thalassemia trait is 5.6 % in our study population. beta -thalassemia trait is present in almost all ethnic groups. To control thalassemia major, screening program for thalassemia carriers must be initiated in the area
ABSTRACT
Tumors, which differentiate to cartilage, share characteristic features for the production of chondroid matrix by these tumor cells. The cartilage tumors are ranged from completely benign lesions to highly malignant. These are subdivided by location into peripheral, surface, central and intramedullary lesions. Benign bone tumors are a group of neoplasms that are most frequent in children and young adults, although they may also present in later stages of life. The malignant cartilage tumors affect bones and joints but rarely as compared to osteogentic tumors. The Malignant tumors cannot be differentiated from benign simply by biopsy without radiographic evidence. However, CT and MRI imaging may be of some use in defining the extent of tumour spread locally
ABSTRACT
Natural honey [NH] and Nigella sativa [NS] seeds have been in use as a natural remedy for over thousands of years in various parts of the world. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects of NS [Nigella sativa] and NH [natural honey] on acetylsalicylic acid induced gastric ulcer in an experimental model with comparison to Cimetidine [CD]. Experimental, case control study. Pharmacology and Pathology Department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from June to August 2007. The study was conducted on 100 male albino rats, divided into 5 groups, with 20 animals in each group. Group A was used as a control and treated with gum Tragacanth [GT]. Eighty animals of the other groups were given acetylsalicylic acid [0.2 gm/kg body weight for 3 days] to produce ulcers by gavage. Two animals from each group were sacrificed for the detection of gastric ulcers. The remaining 72 animals were equally divided in four groups [B, C, D and E]. The rats in group B, C and D were given NS, NH, and CD respectively while those in E were kept as such. No gastric lesions were seen in control group A while all the animals in group E revealed gastric ulcers. The animals of group B, C and D showed healing effects in 15/18 [83%], 14/18 [78%] and 17/18 [94%] animals grossly; 13/18 were almost the same in all three groups therefore, the statistical difference was not significant among them [p= 0.40 and 0.65] while significant from group E [p= 0.0000075, 0.0000016 and 0.0000012 respectively]. NS and NH are equally effective in healing of gastric ulcer similar to cimetidine. Further broad spectrum studies as well as clinical trials should be conducted before the use of these products as routine medicines