DISTINCTION BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT, DIRECTIVE PRINCIPALS OF STATE POLICY AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES.

The constitution of India is the supreme law of the nation. It must be read by every India citizen. The constitution of India which is deals with major three pillar of the nation i.e. Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. In the constitution of India there are XXV (25) Parts, XII (12) Schedules and total increased articles are 448 due to 104 constitutional amendments. In above all the parts of the constitution is very important and providing subjective bifurcation, but this article is clearing the distinction between three most important part of the constitution i.e. Part-III Fundamental Right, Part-IV Directive Principals of State Policy and Part-IV-A Fundamental Duties. These three part of very important regarding Rights V/S Duties. Researcher try to clear this distinction by tabular format as under

NEW LABOUR AND INDUSTRIAL LAWS

Labour and Industrial Laws are very important for the development and welfare of Labours / workmen. Jurisprudence says that Law should change in accordance with changing needs and goals of the society. Indian economy, development and Make in India programme are need good Labour and Industrial Laws in India. These Laws are Skeleton of the country. Recently four labour codes i.e. (1) The Code on Wages, 2019 (2) The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (3) The Code on Social Security, 2020 and (4) The Occupational safety, health and working conditions code, 2020, are enacted by the Parliament of India in the year 2019 and 2020 to consolidate 29 labour legislations. The Indian Jurisprudence, The Constitution of India, International Labour Organization and Human Rights are always protecting the Labour rights and ask the labour welfare. Its means Labour and Industrial issues will be decrease and litigation regarding labours will also decrease, it can make smooth lubricant to the Indian Industries.

Why human prepuce is a valuable resource in science? Histological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and statistical analysis / ¿Por qué el prepucio humano es un recurso valioso en la ciencia? Análisis histológicos, ultraestructurales, inmunohistoquímicos y estadísticos

SUMMARY: This research was to examine the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of prepuce samples, as well as vimentin and S100 protein localization and statistical analysis. Urologists have long struggled with the prepuce, which is used to treat a variety of urethral problems. Skin biopsies were collected from the prepuce at the moment of circumcision and processed for light microscopy, electron microscope examination, immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analysis in a total of six boys. Histologically, the prepuce epidermis displayed focal spiky ridges, which are saw-toothed interspersed with sulci, slight hyperpigmentation, looser connective tissue and plentiful vascular components. Immunohistochemically, the existence of melanocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, as well as smooth muscles in the dermis, was stained positively for vimentin. Also, there was a positive reactivity of the Langerhans cells in the epidermis and around Meissner's corpuscles in the dermis for S100 protein staining. Ultrastructurally, the prepuce's intercellular gaps were widened, melanocytes rested on a folded basement membrane, and desmosomal content was reduced, with a prominent active euchromatic nucleus. Cytoplasmic projections were distended and elongated, and the interstitial blood vessels were surrounded by endothelial cells and rested on a basement membrane. There were also minimal collagen fibers in the interstitium. The prepuce's histological and ultrastructural features, as well as immunohistological studies using vimentin and S100 protein as intermediate filaments and statistical analysis, all demonstrated that it is a useful scientific resource.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó para examinar las características histológicas y ultraestructurales de las muestras de prepucio, así como la localización y el análisis estadístico de la vimentina y la proteína S100. Los urólogos han intentado trabajar durante mucho tiempo con el prepucio, que se usa para tratar una variedad de problemas uretrales. Se recolectaron biopsias de piel del prepucio de seis niños en el momento de la circuncisión y se procesaron para microscopía óptica, examen con microscopio electrónico, técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y análisis estadístico. Histológicamente, la epidermis del prepucio mostraba crestas puntiagudas focales, intercaladas con surcos, hiperpigmentación leve, tejido conectivo más laxo y abundantes componentes vasculares. Inmunohistoquímicamente, la existencia de melanocitos y células dendríticas epidérmicas (células de Langerhans), así como músculo liso en la dermis, se tiñeron positivamente para vimentina. Además, hubo una reactividad positiva de las células dendríticas epidérmicas en la epidermis y alrededor de los corpúsculos del tacto (de Meissner) en la dermis para la tinción de la proteína S100. Ultraestructuralmente, los espacios intercelulares del prepucio se ensancharon, los melanocitos descansaban sobre una membrana basal plegada y el contenido desmosómico se redujo, con un núcleo eucromático activo prominente. Las proyecciones citoplasmáticas estaban distendidas y alargadas, y los vasos sanguíneos intersticiales estaban rodeados por células endoteliales y descansaban sobre una membrana basal. También había fibras de colágeno mínimas en el intersticio. Las características histológicas y ultraestructurales del prepucio, así como los estudios inmunohistológicos utilizando vimentina y proteína S100 como filamentos intermedios y el análisis estadístico, demostraron que es un recurso científico útil.

Helicobacter Pylori Treatment Eradication in Egypt: Standard Clarithromycin-based Triple versus Quadruple Regimen Therapy

Absence of adequate treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to prolonged life time colonization which is responsible for complications. Antibiotics resistance is the main cause of eradication failure in H. pylori infection, thus our study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and tolerability of standard triple therapy vs. quadruple regimen therapy in H. pylori eradication in Egypt.

The effect of Spirulina algae on the immune response of SPF chickens to commercial inactivated Newcastle vaccine in poultry / El efecto del alga Spirulina sobre la respuesta inmune de pollos SPF inducida por la vacuna inactivada comercial contra la enfermedad de Newcastle

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Spirulina platensis (SP) powder supplementation on immune response in SPF chickens. For this purpose, 120 SPF chicks were randomly clustered into six groups consisting of 20 birds each which assigned to five groups vaccinated by commercial inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine at 21 days of age. The four groups were supplemented with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g of SP per kg of ration at 7 day of age and other group as control treatment group. Control unvaccinated group still without any treatment. Individual blood samples were collected weekly from all groups, and NDV-HI antibodies were measured using Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. After 28 days post-vaccination, ten birds from all groups were challenged intramuscularly at a dose 0.5 mL/bird containing 106 EID50 of local NDV genotype VII. Challenge virus shedding was detected using real time qrt-PCR of oropharyngeal swabs that were collected from all challenged chicken groups of at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days post challenge. Obtained results showed that vaccinated groups of SPF-chickens either supplied with Spirulina or control treatment group induced positive serological response as NDV-HI antibody were measured in sera of immunized chicks (7.6, 8, 8.3, 8.9 and 7.4 log2, respectively) at 4 weeks post vaccination (WPV). Significant differences were observed at 2 WPV in the vaccinated SPF chickens consumed 1, 1.5 and 2 g of SP/kg of ration, compared to untreated vaccinated group (p<0.05). Immunized SPF chickens supplied with different SP concentration confer satisfactory protection against heterologous challenge virus (90 percent, 100 percent, 100 percent and 100 percent respectively), in contrast to untreated vaccinated chickens. Different percentages of reduction of viral shedding (55 percent, 65 percent, 76 percent and 87 percent) of treated vaccinated chickens with different concentration of SP were detected, despite untreated group were reduced 46 percent from total viral shedding. These findings suggest that dietary Spirulina has immune-stimulatory effects on the immune system of SPF chickens. One gram from SP per kg of ration was minimum recommended concentration that able to exhibit optimum immune response, increase protection against heterologous strains and able to reduce viral shedding(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la suplementación con polvo de Spirulina platensis (SP) sobre la respuesta inmune en pollos SPF. Para este propósito se agruparon al azar 120 polluelos SPF en seis grupos de 20 aves cada uno, que se asignaron a cinco grupos vacunados con la vacuna comercial inactivada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) a los 21 días de edad. Cuatro grupos se suplementaron con 0,5; 1; 1,5 y 2 g de SP por kg de ración a los 7 días de edad, un grupo vacunado sin suplemento y un grupo sin ningún tratamiento. Semanalmente, se recogieron muestras de sangre individuales de todos los grupos y se midieron los anticuerpos hemaglutinantes contra el virus Newcastle (NDV-HI) mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación (HI). 28 días después de la vacunación, fueron retadas diez aves de cada grupo por vía intramuscular a una dosis 106 EID50 del genotipo VII del NDV local en un volumen de 0,5 mL/ave. Se detectó la eliminación del virus mediante qrt-PCR en hisopos orofaríngeos que se recolectaron en todos los grupos a los 3, 5, 7 y 10 días después del reto. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los grupos vacunados de pollos y suplementados con Espirulina y el grupo de control vacunado, indujeron una respuesta serológica positiva cuando se determinaron los anticuerpos NDV-HI en los pollitos inmunizados (7,6; 8; 8,3; 8,9 y 7,4 log2 respectivamente) a las 4 semanas después de la vacunación (SPV). Se observaron diferencias significativas a las 2 SPV en los pollos vacunados que consumieron 1, 1,5 y 2 g de SP/kg de ración, en comparación con el grupo vacunado no tratado (p<0,05). Los pollos inmunizados que recibieron diferentes concentraciones de SP mostraron una protección satisfactoria contra el desafío heterólogo viral (90 por ciento, 100 por ciento y 100 por ciento respectivamente), en contraste con los pollos vacunados no tratados. Se observaron diferentes porcentajes de reducción de la diseminación viral (55 por ciento, 76 por ciento y 87 por ciento) entre los pollos vacunados tratados con diferente concentración de SP. En el grupo no tratado se redujo al 46 por ciento. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la Espirulina en la dieta tiene efectos inmunoestimuladores sobre el sistema inmunitario de los pollos. Un gramo de SP por kg de ración fue la concentración mínima recomendada para una respuesta inmune óptima, y de esta forma aumentar la protección contra las cepas heterólogas y disminuir la diseminación viral(AU)

Prognostic value of a modified surprise question designed for use in the emergency department setting

OBJECTIVE: Few reliable and valid prognostic tools are available to help emergency physicians identify patients who might benefit from early palliative approaches. We sought to determine if responses to a modified version of the surprise question, “Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 30 days” could predict in-hospital mortality and resource utilization for hospitalized emergency department patients.METHODS: For this observational study, emergency physicians responded to the modified surprise question with each admission over a five-month study period. Logistic regression analyses were completed and standard test characteristics evaluated.RESULTS: 6,122 visits were evaluated. Emergency physicians responded negatively to the modified surprise question in 918 (15.1%). Test characteristics for in-hospital mortality were: sensitivity 32%, specificity 85%, positive predictive value 6%, negative predictive value 98%. The risk of intensive care unit use (relative risk [RR], 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45 to 2.40), use of ‘comfort measures’ orders (RR, 3.43; 95% CI, 2.81 to 4.18), palliative-care consultation (RR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.62 to 3.56), and in-hospital mortality (RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.76) were greater for patients with negative responses.CONCLUSION: The modified surprise question is a simple trigger for palliative care needs, accurately identifying those at greater risk for in-hospital mortality and resource utilization. With a negative predictive value of 98%, affirmative responses to the modified surprise question provide reassurance that in-hospital death is unlikely.

Differential therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia and simvastatin on the hepatocyte ultrastructure in hepatic steatosis / Efectos terapéuticos diferenciales de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina sobre la estructura del hepatocito en la esteatosis hepática

Complications of fat accumulation in liver, hepatic steatosis such as liver cirrhosis and liver failure are among the common public health problems. We sought to investigate the damage to the hepatocyte ultrastructure induced by high fat diets (HFD) and compared the therapeutic effects at the cellular level of two antioxidant and lipid lowering agents; Crataegus aronia extracts and simvastatin on hepatic steatosis. Rats were either fed with HFD (model group) or low fat diets (LFD) (control group) for 15 weeks before being sacrificed and therapeutic groups started the treatment with these agents after week 11 until the sacrifice day. Harvested liver tissues were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and liver homogenates were assayed for markers of anti-oxidative stress that are known to be modulated in liver injury. TEM examinations of the model group showed a profound damage to the hepatocytes compared to the control group as demonstrated by steatosis, damaged mitochondria and vaculated cytoplasm, disrupted rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane, dilated intercellular space between hepatocytes, and alterations in lysosomes. In addition, HFD ameliorated the anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) and augmented the oxidative stress TBARS biomarkers. Both Crataegus aronia and simvastatin significantly reduced lipids and TBARS, and treated damage to hepatic cells, but hepatocyte structures were differentially responded to these agents. However, only Crataegus aronia induced GSH (p=0.001). We conclude that HFD-induced hepatic steatosis caused a substantial damage to the hepatocyte's ultrastructures, and Crataegus aronia and simvastatin treatments differentially reversed hepatic injuries.

Las complicaciones de la acumulación de grasa en el hígado, la esteatosis hepática como la cirrosis hepática y la insuficiencia hepática se encuentran entre los problemas comunes de salud pública. Se intentó investigar el daño a la ultraestructura de los hepatocitos inducido por la dieta alta en grasas (DAG) y se compararon los efectos terapéuticos a nivel celular de dos antioxidantes y agentes hipolipemiantes; Extracto de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina sobre esteatosis hepática. Las ratas fueron alimentadas con DAG (grupo modelo) o dieta baja en grasa (DBG) (grupo control) durante 15 semanas antes de sacrificarse y los grupos terapéuticos comenzaron el tratamiento con estos agentes después de la semana 11 hasta el día del sacrificio. Se examinaron los tejidos hepáticos usando microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) y se analizaron homogeneizados de hígado para marcadores de estrés anti-oxidativo, que se sabe están modulados en la lesión hepática. Los exámenes MET del grupo DAG mostraron un grave daño de los hepatocitos en comparación con el grupo control, demostrado por esteatosis, daño mitocondrial y citoplasma vacío, retículo endoplásmico rugoso y liso y membrana nuclear, el espacio intercelular dilatado entre hepatocitos y alteraciones en los lisosomas. Además, DAG mejoró el anti-oxidante glutatión (GSH) y aumentó el estrés oxidativo TBARS biomarcadores. Tanto Crataegus aronia como simvastatina redujeron significativamente los lípidos y TBARS, trataron el daño a las células hepáticas, pero las estructuras de hepatocitos respondieron diferencialmente a estos agentes. Sin embargo, sólo Crataegus aronia indujo GSH (p = 0,001). Concluimos que la esteatosis hepática inducida por HFD causó un daño sustancial a la ultraestructura del hepatocito y los tratamientos de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina diferenciaron las lesiones hepáticas.

Cirugía de feminización de voz con técnica glotoplastia de Wendler en Barranquilla Colombia / Voice feminization surgery with Wendler glottoplasty technique in Barranquilla Colombia

Introducción: La glotoplastia de Wendler es la técnica que en la actualidad ofrece mejores resultados entre los diferentes tipos de cirugías para la feminización de la voz. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia con la Glotoplastia de Wendler durante el proceso de feminización de la voz de mujeres transgénero. Diseño: Pseudoexperimental (antes-después) Materiales y Métodos: 36 pacientes transexuales en proceso de transformación de hombre a mujer se sometieron a cirugía y rehabilitación con terapias de voz con el equipo de VOICEFEM - Voice Feminization Colombia. La técnica utilizada consiste en la creación de una sinequia de las cuerdas vocales (CCVV) previa desepitelización de la cara interna del tercio anterior de las mismas, 2 puntos de sutura con Vicryl 4/0 y vaporización con electrocauterio en la región lateral de la cara superior de las CCVV y utilización de goma biológica en la sinequia creada. La medición de la frecuencia fundamental, el tiempo máximo de fonación, y la realización del cuestionario TSEQ, se llevaron a cabo antes y después de la cirugía. Resultados: Se obtuvo un aumento de la Frecuencia fundamental promedio de 112Hz(P<0.05) a los 6 meses posteriores al procedimiento quirúrgico y una disminución de cerca de 30 puntos en los resultados del cuestionario TSEQ. Conclusión: La glotoplastia de Wendler, llevada a cabo por cirujanos con experiencia en este campo, ofrece resultados favorables con aumentos significativos de la frecuencia fundamental a mediano plazo y debe estar necesariamente asociada al manejo postquirúrgico con terapias de voz, para obtener el desenlace óptimo esperado.

"Introduction: Wendler's Glottoplasty is the technique that offers the best results among the different types of voice feminization surgeries. Male to Female Transgender patients have in this technique the last step for their successful transformation. Objective: To describe our experience in carrying out Wendler's glottoplasty during the process of feminization of the voice of transgender women. Design: Pseudoexperimental (before-after) study. Materials and methods: In 36 Male to Female Transgender patients, Wendler's glottoplasty was conducted by VOICEFEM - Voice Feminization Colombia's team, with further speech therapy rehabilitation. This technique consists of the creation of a synechia of the vocal cords which is carried out after the de-epithelization of the vocal cords on the inner face of its anterior third, 2 stitches with Vicryl 4/0 and vaporization with electrocautery in the lateral region of vocal cords upper face, and the use of biological glue in the created synechia. The measurement of the Fundamental Frequency, Maximum Phonation time, and the completion of the TSEQ questionnaire were carried out before and after the surgery. Results: There was an increase of 112 Hz in the average of Fundamental Frequency (P<0.05) 6 months after the surgery, and a decrease of approximately 30 points in the TSEQ questionnaire results. Conclusion: Wendler's Glottoplasty conducted by an expert surgeon, provides positive results with a significant increase for fundamental frequency in the medium term, and it is imperative to do also voice therapy rehabilitation posterior to the procedure in order to obtain the expected optimal outcome.

Copro-antigen versus classical microscopy as diagnostic tool for giardia lamblia infection in Egyptian patients

Background: Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoa, is a one of the most common causes of non-viral (parasitic) diarrheal illness in humans. Laboratory diagnosis mainly consists of direct microscopic examination of stool specimen for trophozoites and cysts. However, due to intermittent fecal excretion of the parasite, the patient may be misdiagnosed, continue excreting the parasite and infecting others. Therefore, other methods of diagnosis should be looked for, which overcome the drawbacks of microscopy when used alone for diagnosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of coproantigen detection by ELISA test in comparison to direct microscopy in the diagnosis of G. lamblia in stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients and methods: stool samples were collected form 250 child included in the present study (150 symptomatic and 100 apparently healthy as a control group) aged between 1-10 years old, and subjected for direct microscopic examination and ELISA test for copro-antigen detection. Results: out of 250 stool samples, 53 specimens (21.2%) were positive for Giardia by direct microscopy, while 68 specimens (27.2%) were positive by ELISA test. Conclusion: ELISA test for copro-antigen detection in stool samples is a rapid and effective method with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of giardiasis in stool specimens even when the parasitic count is low, thus reducing the chances of missing even in the asymptomatic cases

Copro-antigen versus classical microscopy as diagnostic tool for giardia lamblia infection in Egyptian patients

Background: Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoa, is a one of the most common causes of non-viral [parasitic] diarrheal illness in humans. Laboratory diagnosis mainly consists of direct microscopic examination of stool specimen for trophozoites and cysts. However, due to intermittent fecal excretion of the parasite, the patient may be misdiagnosed, continue excreting the parasite and infecting others. Therefore, other methods of diagnosis should be looked for, which overcome the drawbacks of microscopy when used alone for diagnosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of copro-antigen detection by ELISA test in comparison to direct microscopy in the diagnosis of G. lamblia in stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms

Patients and methods: stool samples were collected form 250 child included in the present study [150 symptomatic and 100 apparently healthy as a control group] aged between 1-10 years old, and subjected for direct microscopic examination and ELISA test for copro-antigen detection

Results: out of 250 stool samples, 53 specimens [21.2%] were positive for Giardia by direct microscopy, while 68 specimens [27.2%] were positive by ELISA test

Conclusion: ELISA test for copro-antigen detection in stool samples is a rapid and effective method with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of giardiasis in stool specimens even when the parasitic count is low, thus reducing the chances of missing even in the asymptomatic cases

Ameliorative potential of selenium against bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Background: environmental pollutants affect various tissues. Bisphenol A, a compound used in making epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, induces many hazardous effects

Aim of the work: this work was designed to test the ameliorative potential of selenium against hepatotoxicity caused by bisphenol A

Materials and Methods: male rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 given sodium selenite, group 3 was administered with suspension of bisphenol A that is dissolved in corn oil. Rats of group 4 were administered with selenium plus bisphenol A. Liver specimens and blood samples were inspected after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment

Results: there was no statistical difference between control and selenium -administered rats in all parameters. Rats treated with bisphenol A suffered significant depression in weight whereas selenium administration decreased the effect on rat's weight. Bisphenol A administration induced blood vessels congestion, inflammatory infiltration, bile duct proliferation, cytoplasmic vacuolization and macrosteatosis while selenium administration improved liver histopathological criteria either after 3 or 6 weeks. Bisphenol A treatment elevated nuclear PCNA and caspase-3 expression in the cytoplasm and liver function enzymes [serum AST and ALT] and bilirubin. Again, selenium ameliorated these changes. In conclusion, bisphenol A exerted deleterious impact on rats' hepatocytes and serum biochemical parameters in a time-dependent manner. Selenium supplementation provides an extent of amelioration against bisphenol A- induced hepatotocixity

Amelioration of the nephrotoxic effect of potassium dichromate by whey protein and/or Nigella sativa oil in male albino rats.

Even though whey protein complex derived from milk, is being touted as a functional food with a number of health benefits, so far its full mechanistic effect has not been deeply explicated, which is the target of this study. For this reason, we observed the 2 months protection influence of whey protein (100 & 200 mg/kg, p.ob.wt.) and/or oil of Nigella sativa (5ml/kg, p.ob.wt.) against intoxicated rats with single dose of potassium dichromate (30mg/Kg, I.P) at the end of protection period. On the biochemical level, whey protein and/or oil of Nigella sativa were changed the potassium dichromate renal toxicity consequences, where it showed a significant improvement in the creatinine, urea, protein, uric acid and sodium levels. While in the tissue level (Kidney), it revealed a significant enhancement in reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes as compared to nephrotoxic group. Moreover, whey protein and/or oil of Nigella sativa reduced the elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory mediators like tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) induced by potassium dichromate and alleviation the histopathological changes caused by the intoxication. These results give a new vision into the hopeful mechanisms that modulated numerous factors induced renal injury.

Morphological investigation of the brain of the African ostrich (Struthio camelus) / Investigación morfológica del cerebro de la avestruz africana (Struthio camelus)

The aim of the current study focused on the morphological features of the brain of the African ostrich. The brain was studied macroscopically, microscopically and the measurements of all brain parts were demonstrated. The brain of ostrich was rhombus in shape with large obtuse triangular cerebrum with sagittal dorsomedial wulst. The olfactory bulb was small with undeveloped olfactory lobe. The diencephalon gave rise to the pineal gland, which was inverted tubal structure with an obtuse triangle bottom. Large optic chiasm and optic tract demonstrated that continued to the optic lobes. The cerebellum was represented by central vermis that had numerous transverse fissures and two small lateral floccules on its lateral surface. The medulla oblongata with clear pontine flexure and no obvious pons or trapezoid body appeared. The histological results revealed that the cerebral cortex formed of several ill-defined layers of neurons. The most common appearance characterized by few small neurons supported by neuroglia. The cerebellar cortex consists of three layers namely molecular layer, Purkinje cells layer and internal granular layer, the layer of Purkinje cells characterized by a very large cell body. The medulla oblongata was covered by pia mater of loose connective tissue that covered with simple squamous epithelium and vascular supply extended beneath the pia mater. The cell nuclei of the medulla oblongata were formed from few multipolar neurons, supported by few neuroglia. The fourth ventricle was lined by pseudo stratified columnar ciliated ependymal cells.

El objetivo fue describir las características morfológicas del cerebro de la avestruz africana. El cerebro se estudió macroscópica y microscópicamente, y las mediciones de todas las partes del cerebro fueron registradas. El cerebro tuvo una forma romboidal, con cerebelo grande triangular obtuso con una protuberancia dorsomedial sagital. El bulbo olfatorio era pequeño, con un lóbulo olfativo sin desarrollar. El diencéfalo dio lugar a la glándula pineal, que es una estructura en forma de tubo invertida con un triángulo obtuso en su parte inferior. Un gran quiasma y tracto óptico demostraron ser continuos con los lóbulos ópticos. El cerebelo estaba caracterizado por la vermis central que tenía numerosas fisuras transversales y dos pequeños flóculos laterales en su superficie lateral. La médula oblongada mostró en algunos casos una flexión pontina evidente, en otros ausencia de puentes o la aparición de un cuerpo trapezoide. Los resultados histológicos revelaron que la corteza cerebral está formada de varias capas de neuronas mal definidas. El aspecto más común se caracterizó por unas pequeñas neuronas soportadas por neuroglias. La corteza cerebelosa consistió en tres capas, molecular, de células de Purkinje y granular interna; las células de Purkinje se caracterizaron por un cuerpo celular grande. La medula oblongada estaba cubierta por pia madre de tejido conectivo laxo, revestida por epitelio escamoso simple y un suministro vascular extenso bajo la piamadre. Los núcleos de las células de la médula oblongada se formaron a partir pocas neuronas multipolares, soportados por algunas neuroglias. El cuarto ventrículo estaba revestido un epitelio pseudo-estratificado de células ependimarias columnares ciliadas.

Equine anatomedia: development, integration and evaluation of an e-learning resource in applied veterinary anatomy / Anatomedia equina: desarrollo, integración y evaluación de un recurso e-learning en anatomía veterinaria aplicada

In Egypt, there is a growing movement to encourage veterinary student-centered learning using the most up to date educational technologies. This paper focuses on a computer-facilitated learning program "Equine Anatomedia", which comprises now two modules (head and digit) fully integrated with the applied anatomy curriculum at Alexandria and Damanhour Universities. The educational design of this program allows students and clinicians to explore anatomical concepts, principles and procedure guidelines in a manner more suited to their individual learning needs than traditional methods. The program comprises over 300 high quality images and diagrams, audio and video clips as well as animated graphics with colored keys highlighting the anatomical features. Staff and student feedback indicates that Equine Anatomedia is an effective and engaging learning tool which helps students to develop their knowledge in anatomy and to appreciate its relevance in clinical situations. In addition, it encourages student-staff interaction and is a useful tool in overcoming the challenges of limited resources and increasing numbers of students.

En Egipto, hay un movimiento creciente para fomentar el aprendizaje centrado en el estudiante de veterinaria utilizando las más modernas tecnologías educativas existentes a la fecha. Este trabajo se centra en un programa de aprendizaje por computación denominado "Anatomedia de Equinos", que en la actualidad está conformado de dos módulos (cabeza y dedos) totalmente integrados con el plan de estudios de la asignatura Anatomía Aplicada en las Universidades de Alejandría y Damanhour, Egipto. El diseño educativo de este programa permite a los estudiantes y los médicos clínicos explorar los conceptos anatómicos, como así también principios y directrices de procedimiento relacionados a sus necesidades individuales de aprendizaje, de una manera más adecuada que los métodos tradicionales de aprendizaje. El programa cuenta con más de 300 imágenes de alta calidad y diagramas, audios y vídeos, así como gráficos animados con identificaciones de colores que destacan las características anatómicas. La retroalimentación del personal a cargo del programa y de parte de los estudiantes indica que Anatomedia de Equinos es una herramienta de aprendizaje eficaz y atractiva que ayuda a los estudiantes a desarrollar sus conocimientos en anatomía y les permite apreciar su importancia en situaciones clínicas. Además, el programa permite fomentar la interacción alumno-personal y constituye una herramienta útil que ayuda a superar los retos que ocasionan los recursos limitados y el número creciente de estudiantes.

Purification and characterization of xanthine oxidase from liver of the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important enzyme with broad medical applications as detecting reagent in many diagnostic kits. In this study, buffalo liver xanthine oxidase (BLXO) was purified to homogeneity by acetone precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 columns with a specific activity of 7.2 units / mg protein which represent 31.3 folds. The native molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 200 kDa and its subunit molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE to be 67 kDa. The isoelectric point (pI) value of BLXO isoenzyme is at pH 6.0 – 6.2. It displayed its pH optima at 7.6 and the Km value is 1.1 mM xanthine. FeCl2 increased the activity of BLXO while CuCl2, MnCl2 and ZnCl2 were found to be inhibitors of the purified enzyme. Allopurinol inhibits BLXO competitively and has one binding site on it with Ki value of 0.025mM. Abbreviations: BSA, Bovine serum albumin, XO, Xanthine oxidase, NBT, Nitroblue tetrazolium, PAGE, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PMS, Phenazine methosulphate, BLXO, Buffalo liver xanthine oxidase

Anti‑inflammatory effects of propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass: A pilot study.

Introduction: Propofol has been suggested as a useful adjunct to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) because of its potential protective effect on the heart mediated by a decrease in ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation at clinically relevant concentrations. In view of these potentially protective properties, which modulate many of the deleterious mechanism of inflammation attributable to reperfusion injury and CPB, we sought to determine whether starting a low dose of propofol infusion at the beginning of CPB would decrease inflammation as measured by pro-inflammatory markers. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 24 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The study group received propofol at rate of 120 mcg/kg/min immediately after starting CPB and was maintained throughout the surgery and for the following 6 hours in the intensive care unit (ICU). The control group received propofol dose of 30-50 mcg/kg/min which was started at the time of chest closure with wires and continued for the next 6 hours in the ICU. Interleukins (IL) -6, -8 and -10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) were assayed. Result: The most significant difference was in the level of IL-6 which had a P value of less than 0.06. Starting a low dose propofol early during the CPB was not associated with significant hemodynamic instability in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: Our study shows that propofol may be suitable as an anti-inflammatory adjunct for patients undergoing CABG.

The carpal joint of the donkey (Equus asinus): morphological investigation / Articulación del carpo del asno (Equus asinus): investigación morfológica

The current study has been achieved to be an essential resource for all veterinary practitioners that deal with the anatomy of the carpal joint of the donkey. Ten adult donkeys of both sexes were used in the current study. The topographical approach to the carpal joint was investigated in this study. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) of the carpus delineated the articulations of the carpal joint: radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal. The carpal ligaments were well delineated and the carpal canal was demonstrated with its content such as superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). The contrast radiography visualized that the radiocarpal joint outpouched proximal to the accessory carpal bone by large palmarolateral pouch and small palmaromedial pouch, however the intercarpal joint outpouched distal to the accessory carpal bone by two small palmarolateral and palmaromedial pouches. The carpometacarpal joint showed medial and lateral palmarodistal outpouchings in distal direction between the corresponding 2nd and 4th metacarpal bones and the 3rd metacarpal bone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed two types of synoviocytes macrophages type A cells and fibroblast like type B cells at the cellular lining of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule.

Este estudio constituye un recurso esencial para todos los veterinarios que se ocupan de la anatomía de la articulación del carpo del asno. Fueron utilizados diez asnos adultos, de ambos sexos. Se analizó la articulación del carpo desde un enfoque topográfico. Se realizaron estudios por radiografía y tomografía computarizada para identificar las articulaciones del carpo en su conjunto: radiocarpiana, intercarpiana y carpometacarpiana. Los ligamentos del carpo se encontraron bien delineados y en el canal carpiano se identificó su contenido, como el tendón del flexor digital superficial y el tendón del flexor digital profundo. La radiografía de contraste permitió visualizar que la articulación radiocarpiana se articula proximalmente con el hueso accesorio del carpo a través una larga evaginación palmarolateral y una pequeña evaginación palmaromedial; sin embargo, la articulación intercarpiana se relaciona distalmente con el hueso accesorio del carpo por medio de dos pequeñas evaginaciones, palmarolateral y palmaromedial. La articulación carpometacarpiana mostró evaginaciones palmarodistales, medial y lateral, en dirección distal entre los correspondiente 2 y 4 huesos metacarpianos y el 3 hueso metacarpiano. La microscopía electrónica de barrido muestra dos tipos de células: células A, correspondientes a sinoviocitos macrófagos y células B, correspondientes a fibroblastos, en el revestimiento celular de la membrana sinovial de la cápsula articular.

Ameliorative effect of two antioxidants on the liver of male albino rats exposed to electromagnetic field

This study aimed to determine the ameliorative effect of silymarin [SIL] and vitamin E [Vit.E] against changes induced by mobile phone radiation in the liver of male albino rats. Total of 48 adult male albino rats were assigned for this study. The 1[st] group served as control [n=6]; the 2[nd] group exposed to mobile phone generator radiation [900MHz] for 2hr/day 3days/week for two months, 3[rd] group [+ve control] supplemented with SIL, 4[th] group [+ve control] supplemented with Vit.E, 5[th] group [+ve control] supplemented with SIL and Vit.E, 6[th] group: exposed group supplemented with SIL, 7[th] group: exposed group supplemented with Vit.E and 8[th] group exposed group supplemented with SIL and Vit.E.Physiological, histopathological and histochemical changes were studied. Exposure to mobile phone causes reduction in RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC. However, WBCs count, platelets count, lymphocytes % and neutrophil %were increased.Also, there were increases in liver enzyme activities ALAT, ASAT and ALP in serum and liver tissue significantly and increased oxidative stress markers [MDA and H[2]O[2]].While, antioxidants [CAT and GSH] were decreased in serum and liver tissue. Numerous histopathological changes were detected in the liver tissue of rats of the irradiated group with altered collagen fibres, polysaccharides and total protein in hepatocytes of the central and portal areas of the liver tissue in the exposed group These changes manifested good amelioration in the exposed groups that supplemented with SIL and/or Vit.E . Treatment of rats with SIL and/or Vit.E ameliorated the dangerous effect of mobile phone radiation

Physiological and histological studies on the heart of male albino rats exposed to electromagnetic field and the protective role of silymarin and/or vitamin E

This study aimed to determine the ameliorative effect of silymarin [SIL] and/or vitamin E [Vit.E] against changes induced by mobile phone radiation in the heart of male albino rats. Total of 48 adult male albino rats were assigned for this study. The 1[st] group served as control [n=6], the 2[nd] group exposed to mobile phone generator radiation [900MHz] for 2hr/day 3days/week for two months, 3[rd] group [+ve control] supplemented with SIL, 4[th] group [+ve control] supplemented with Vit. E, 5[th] group [+ve control] supplemented with SIL and Vit.E, 6[th] group: exposed group supplemented with SIL, 7th group: exposed group supplemented with Vit.E and 8[th] group exposed group supplemented with SIL and Vit.E. Physiological ,histopathological and histochemical changes were studied. Exposure to mobile phone causes increases in activities of CPK, CK-MB and LDH enzymes in serum and heart tissue and oxidative stress markers [MDA and H[2]O[2]],while antioxidants [CAT and GSH] were decreased in the heart tissue. Sodium [Na] and calcium [Ca] levels were decreased While, K level showed non-significant change in serum. Numerous histopathological changes were detected in the heart tissue of rats of the irradiated group with altered collagen fibres, polysaccharides in the cardiac muscle fibres of the exposed group. These changes manifested good amelioration in the exposed groups that supplemented with SIL and/or Vit.E. Treatment of rats with SIL and/or Vit.E ameliorated the dangerous effect of mobile phone radiation occurred in the cardiac muscle fibres

Gasless laparoscopic anatomy and renal biopsy of the kidney in the standing mare / Anatomía laparoscópica sin gas y biopsia renal de los riñones de la yegua de pie

The current study aimed to provide the topography and renal biopsy of the standing mare kidneys by laparoscopy w ithout CO2 insufflation and to compare between the use of biopsy needle and forceps. Five clinically healthy adult nonpregnant mares weighing 250­300 Kg and aging 7­9 years were used in the current work. The gasless laparoscopic renal biopsy appeared simple, safe, reliable, minimal invasive, timesaving and economical technique. The parallel biopsy portals provided easy and accessible biopsy procedure than dorsal or ventral portals. The biopsies taken from the lateral surface were less hemorrhagic than those taken from the caudal pole. This study recommended the laparoscopic forceps because the biopsy forceps provided satisfactory and representative specimens with minimal hemorrhage than Tru-cut needle.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar la topografía y la biopsia renal de los riñones en la yegua de pie, por laparoscopía sin insuflación de CO2, y comparar entre el uso de la biopsia con aguja y pinzas. Fueron utilizadas en este studio cinco yeguas adultas no gestantes clínicamente sanas con un peso de 250­300 Kg y edad de 7­9 años. La biopsia renal laparoscópica sin gas es un método seguro, confiable y mínimamente invasivo, económico y permite además ahorrar tiempo. Los portales de biopsia paralelas permiten un procedimiento de biopsia de fácil acceso. Las biopsias tomadas de la superficie lateral fueron menos hemorrágicas que aquellas obtenidas desde el polo caudal. Este estudio recomienda las pinzas laparoscópicas debido a que, a diferencia de la aguja Tru-cut, demostraron ser satisfactorias con una hemorragia mínima.